Gender wage gap discrimination in Canada, ontario and how it affects Essay

Sexual orientation wage hole segregation in Canada, ontario and how it influences ladies particularly, settler ladies. - 12 text style, time new roman - Essay Example Regardless of the endeavors of the global work association and the human rights commission to battle against wage contrasts across sexual orientations, this difficult despite everything endures. Examination shows that compensation balance is one method of engaging the economy by giving equivalent opportunities to each individual in the general public to create. While some investigation contend that pay hole is a consequence of contrast in instruction level across sexual orientations, this paper contends that compensation hole is a type of segregation. The sexual orientation wage hole in Ontario has been a questionable issue since mid 1980s when this distinction was noted. Cornish and Faraday (2008) noticed that ladies compensation for equivalent situation in Ontario is 29% beneath that of ladies demonstrating a wide pay hole over the sexual orientation limits. A nearby gander at the pay hole patterns shows that there has just been slight improvement over the most recent 25 years in spite of the various endeavors to close this hole. In 1987, preceding the development of pay hole activists, the pay hole was around 37% in Ontario. These patterns demonstrate that the endeavors to cut down the hole have been subverted and the hole stays wide. Cornish (2009) calls attention to the compensation hole has influenced native ladies who have moved to Ontario in scan for a vocation. This pattern in the Ontario work division is an issue that has pulled in a great deal of consideration from the general population as well as to the ladies right a ctivists the same number of feel that there is a requirement for equivalent compensation over all sex as a component of decent variety the executives. Cornish and Faraday (2008) bring up that the pay hole contrast involves direness that must be routed to battle sexual orientation mistreatment in the general public. Wages hole experts have concocted heap contention on the reason for wage hole across sexual orientation in Canada, Ontario. A decent number of them contend that the instruction contrast in Ontario is the significant motivation behind why there is wage hole in this general public. The contention of the individuals who feel

Three Architecture Styles Essay Example For Students

Three Architecture Styles Essay In this paper data will be provided so as to look into information around three distinct styles of design. The three styles are Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Neo Gothic. So as to completely give an away from of these styles, data about engineering will be given first then the three styles will follow with investigating focuses in the middle. In the first place, to advise about engineering, one must clarify what it is. Engineering, alluding to building is characterized as The act of building plan and its subsequent items; standard utilization alludes just to those plans and structures that are socially huge Ferrier 20. Somebody may state that design must assuage its proposed utilizes, yet should be in fact sound, and should pass on classy importance. Albeit probably the best structures outlive their unique uses, these structures presently stand as wonderful masterpieces, however as history of our way of life. We will compose a custom exposition on Three Architecture Styles explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Accomplishments in design appear, the genuine achievements of the general public wherein they were built. It is astounding how design has bloomed. As innovation has developed and individuals have picked up information in the wide exhibit of design a wide range of structures have created. In spite of the fact that we will be investigating just a couple, it will be anything but difficult to perceive any reason why individuals discover engineering so fascinating. For example the Art Nouveau style, which turned out to be famous across Europe and in the United States, is a rich brightening workmanship style, and is portrayed by its unpredictably point by point patters of bending lines. An incredible case of this sort of craftsmanship is the John Hudson Thomas W. L. Locke House 1911, in Oakland, CA Partridge. Craftsmanship Nouveau is a worldwide style of enhancement and design. This style spread quickly. It developed as a response to the next over the top scholarly workmanship recoveries that were occurring at that point. At the time craftsmen set out to make another sort of workmanship. They needed to have something that would be an aggregate and complete enriching style that joined all expressions including, painting, illustrations, mold, improving expressions, and engineering into an expressive bundle. The significance of Art Nouveau can not be denied Earl A Powell III, executive of the national Gallery of workmanship in Washington DC clarifies, The Art Nouveau style was reluctantly worldwide. He proceeds to state, As deciphered by draftsmen, for example, Frank Lloyd Wright, the development in America set up for innovation that thusly impacted dynamic workmanship and engineering in the United States, Europe, and Japan Partridge. Workmanship Nouveau stayed famous until World War I, and was eventually supplanted by the Art Deco style. What is Art Deco? Workmanship Deco is a style of craftsmanship that was made in order to find something new, something to separate things starting with one then onto the next. The Art Deco period started in the mid 1900s and finished during the 1930s. The Art Deco name got from the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes, a piece of current beautifying and mechanical expressions held in Paris, France Hewitt. Workmanship Deco planners utilized ventured structures, adjusted corners, triple-striped improving components and dark enhancement regularly. The most significant thing about Art Deco is the structures made were consistently in geometrical request and in straightforward arrangements. A genuine case of an Art Deco Style would be the Empire State Building. The structure was finished in 1931-32 and finished the time of Art Deco Skyscrapers. Workmanship Deco is about machines, large scale manufacturing, metal and cement Hewitt. Like Art Nouveau, Art Deco detonated with people groups interests. Indeed the most punctual types of Art Deco showed a slight token of the past Art Nouveau developments agile nature themes, while in later years geometry and mass take over to solid what is at times alluded to as Art Moderne or Streamline Jacobs 5. .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .postImageUrl , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:hover , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:visited , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:active { border:0!important; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:active , .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:hover { darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e 38f65e4fd5ed3fd4 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u77b8d6871c8f184e38f65e4fd5ed3fd4:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu EssayArt Nouveau being portrayed particularly by twisted lines and foliate structures, separates it from the manner in which Art Deco is described by strong frameworks, geometric and crisscross structures, and the utilization of new materials. Like Art Nouveau, Art Deco was made for a more up to date, fresher inclination. An extraordinary method to Characterize the Art Deco style is by saying it is an assorted blend, sharing geometry and effortlessness, and frequently consolidating energetic hues. Not at all like Art Nouveau, Art Deco got together, do to an accident in the financial exchange i n the 1930sHewitt. As Art Nouveau was put out be another progressively present day style of craftsmanship. Much the same as Art Deco, Art Nouveau injected the world with a rich style of unpredictability. Next, a glance at the Neo-Gothic style. This style is one that acquired components from Gothicism for improving use. It is commonly concurred that Gothic engineering showed up C. 1140 in the Ile-de-france, the imperial area of the Capetain Kings Religious design. The Neo-Gothic style attempted to comprehend the essential standards of Gothicism, and utilized them. A significant second in the advancement of Neo-Gothicism is the year 1853, when the chain of importance of the Roman Catholic Church was completely reestablished in the Netherlands Religious engineering. This year shaped the primary feature of a procedure that had been continuing for a couple of years as of now, and which was to prompt full catholic liberation. Singular segments in Gothic design, for example, ribbed vaulting and the sharp curve, had been utilized in Romanesque development, they had not recently gotten such a deliberate and steady application. The basic estimation of the gothic rib has been challenged, its conventional centrality can not be overestimated. It served most importantly to depict the vaults with a skeletal web that provided for the whole structure an enunciation of great clearness Religious Architecture. At the point when you are taking a gander at Neo-Gothic design it is imperative to perceive how the profound and strange of light is a significant component of the strict imagery of Gothic church buildings. Neo-Gothic design as a rule has a straightforward rectangular ground plan, with just a little pinnacle at the front exterior Religious Architecture. Some state this style was portrayed by an absolutely improving utilization of Gothic components. Between the three styles where we have talked about Neo-Gothic, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco each is totally different in their own particular manners, however are comparative in others. Neo-Gothic has sharp focuses dissimilar to Art Nouveau, which has many bending lines. These two styles are similar to because of their puzzling haziness and differing lines. Each style is similar in the manners by which they use geometry in each plan. Workmanship Deco is said to have smoothes out that keep on streaming Hewitt Whereas, Neo-Gothic lines appear to arrive at focuses and stop. The lines that make up Art Deco and Art Nouveau are fundamentally the same as from multiple points of view. Their lines appear to have a smooth, consistent, stream that looks as though it is endless. Craftsmanship Deco and Art Nouveau are unobtrusive. Each of the three engineering styles have made the intense progress to innovation in America. All in all, these three styles are critical to the historical backdrop of engineering. Each style utilized another to locate its own distinction. So without one you would not have another. Each style adds complexity and flare to each other. Thinking back we can see exactly how significant each style is. For example Art Nouveau included squirming plant structures and a restriction to the historicism, which had tormented the nineteenth century Partridge. In spite of the fact that there was strain verifiable all through the development between the dec

Essay Writing Service Providers

Essay Writing Service ProvidersWriting and submitting essays are no longer an impossibility due to the ever increasing number of people who can easily find essays writing service providers. These companies offer writers of essays online services where they are able to submit their assignments to individuals around the world in seconds, through a simple online form. No matter if you need to write a term paper or a research paper for school, essay writing service providers to help writers in completing the assignment in as little time as possible.Online submission is very convenient for the writer as it eliminates the need to physically write essays on a particular schedule. In addition, the writer can also choose from a variety of essay topics to complete assignments. This will make the process of writing and submitting essays easier. When it comes to essays, there are quite a number of different kinds which are very important and often required for students to take their college entr ance exams or for working professionals to perform in their daily jobs.Essays writing service providers offer several forms of essays to choose from. The common topics that are commonly found are class presentations, applications, test papers, research papers, and other academic assignments. It is important for the students who are taking the entrance exams to know which kind of essay they should be writing. Thus, it is also imperative for the people who offer these types of services to conduct research about the kind of essays being written by students to get an idea as to how they are required to write different types of essays.Writers who need assistance in writing essays do not necessarily have to be from a business or a school. Essay writing service providers are able to offer such services for individuals who need assistance in writing academic papers for research purposes. These professionals can be very helpful especially when students and working professionals who need assi stance in writing essays for competitions. They can take the work from those who cannot write at all but still need to submit their papers.It is important for essay writers to make use of essay writing service providers who are experienced in helping writers in writing essays. Essay writing service providers will offer more quality work, as compared to freelance writers who are mostly inexperienced with the area of essay writing. Professional essay writers will also offer services that writers can only dream of.There are many writers who do not understand the concept of essay writing. They believe that they have to submit essays on a deadline date without any stipulations. However, most professional essay writers work towards deadlines and adhere to them if they do not have enough time to complete the assignment.The best part about hiring essay writing service providers is that they do not ask for payment upfront. They will only request payments once the work is completed or after t he completion of the assignment. Thus, they will not get out of hand if there are not sufficient funds available to pay them for the assignment.Essay writing service providers can also help people who need assistance in writing essays in a quick manner. They can get the work done in as little as 10 minutes of their time, which is a huge benefit especially for people who do not have much time to spare. With the use of essay writing service providers, these people can earn a significant amount of money very quickly.

Market Plan as a Serious Necessity for Market Expansion of New Irelands Wool Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Along with the product, the price is the other most important factor for capturing global markets. Expansion in global markets leads to certain complicated procedures because of exports and foreign exchange that comes to play. Thus, pricing can be considered as the most effective deciding factor while entering global markets. There are a lot of considerations to be kept in mind while fixing the price of the product. Not only the organization has to think of its cost of production and its profits but also the prices of the competitors in the existing market scenario. Even the foreign exchange rates have to be taken into account. If the delivery is on credit then there can be losses because of transactional exposures. So, while fixing the price a conscious effort is to be made to have a competitive pricing strategy so it can compete in the world market. But again the organization has to check if the prices have enough margins to have a potential interest in the world market. Analyzing the above factors, the pricing strategy which the organization can follow is that of penetrating pricing. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Plan as a Serious Necessity for Market Expansion of New Irelands Wool or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Effect Of Legal Factors On Police Behavior - 1425 Words

influence how they performed their job, however, if an officer or citizen responded negatively during their interaction, the outcome may prove to be problematic (Dunham et al., 2005). Previous studies have shown that the greatest influence in decision-making by the police during police-citizens encounters are based on legal factors. However, smaller studies continue to suggest that additional factors may play a role in police decision making during police-citizen encounters. The results of this study confirm prior studies which suggested citizen demeanor [disrespect] toward police greatly increases the probability of arrest. According to Regoeczi and Kent (2014), research â€Å"examines the influence of extra-legal factors† (p. 191);†¦show more content†¦Moderate hostility was shown to a have little or no effect on the likelihood of arrest, while high hostility, police-citizen encounters confirm previous research that this behavior does affect an officer’s d ecision to arrest. FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIZEN PERCEPTION OF THE POLICE Race and Adult Perception of the Police Empirical research points to possible disparities involving race during traffic stops. Racial targeting [racial profiling] originated because of the â€Å"War on Drugs†, which was declared in major cities across the United States to severely reduce the amount of narcotics brought into the country. Several reports of the suspects arrested for drug trafficking were minorities. The practice of conducting traffic stops to search for illegal trafficking, based solely on race, was adopted by law enforcement as a valuable tool to investigate potential drug smugglers. However, legal challenges were filed in several cities because many believed the practice of racial profiling violated individual’s [minorities] civil rights. In response, several law enforcement agencies developed new policies and training to address these concerns (Engel, Tillyer, Klahm, Frank, 2012). Recent research on racial profiling has begun to examine if race is used by police officers to discriminate against minorities and if this practice was based on preconceived notions (Dunham et al., 2005). Racial profiling is a very complex and controversial area ofShow MoreRelatedDoes Legal Cynicism Truly Have An Impact On Crime Rates? Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThis research paper aims to answer the question: Does legal cynicism truly have an impact on crime rates? While legal cynicism is not a term that is often discussed in the media or the news, it is a concept that is quite relevant to the lives of many Americans. This is quite relevant in society today, as there is a great deal of conflict between police officers and the public in many communities across the country. This is essentially what legal cynicism is about. It is defined as the â€Å"widespread viewRead MoreBody Cameras Improve Police Accountability Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesaccurate, objective account of every encounter with a civilian. Ideally, the camera would disc ourage police misconduct while protecting officers against unfounded civil complaints of brutality or corruption. While the use of body cameras may seem to invade the privacy of officers and the public, officers should wear body cameras because playing body cameras could improve, accountability, behavior, use of force, evidence, and processing and editing. Starting with accountability, very one’s actionRead MoreThe Public Idea Of Discretion1220 Words   |  5 Pagesthe public idea of discretion as a very misunderstood aspect of police work, therefore making the public’s opinions of police operations negative in some circumstances. 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In this case, the officers every so often are obliged to make use of force throughout their responsibilities, whether throughout an arrest or protecting the public, themselvesRead MoreThe Underage Drinking Crisis in America Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pageswere on the scene. Shots fired from an unknown source, police used mace, and the whole scene was chaos. Police wrote up many MIP’s, or minor in possession tickets (Clifton). In January 2014, a sixth grade teacher from St. Joseph, Missouri, reportedly hosted an underage drinking party at her residence. After police received two calls complaining of an underage drinking party, they went out to investigate. Upon arriving at the residence, police overheard people talking, and the after peering in a windowRead MoreNarrow Views On The United States939 Words   |  4 Pagessolution. Many people have different ideas of what constitutes Racial Profiling but, According to Jody Feder, in â€Å"Racial Profiling: Legal and Constitutional Issues,† â€Å" Racial profiling is the practice of targeting individuals for police or security detention based on their race or ethnicity in the belief that certain minority groups are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior†(4). The belief that certain appearances in people arouse suspicion of a crime about to happen creates the opportunity to treatRead MoreFinal Exam Fact Sheet Essay1041 Words   |  5 Pagescontributing to feelings of mutual respect among police, and contributing to the professional image of law enforcement. * Police legal duties can arise from many sources, including laws, customs, court decisions, and agency policies * A police officer cannot add to his or her list of probable cause used to make an arrest after effecting the arrest. * The Ecoterrorist group is responsible for the majority of terrorist acts committed in the U.S. * Factors that have led to reductions in illegal

The One Who Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis

Many pieces of literature have comparable characteristics, including the use of literary elements to portray deeper meaning. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest are great pieces of literature which keep their main focus around the use of symbolism, hidden in the plot. Whereas Mrs. Mallard, from â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, appears to be insane due to her husband, characters from The One Who Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest gains their insanity from Nurse Ratched, both authors incorporate symbolism in order to display themes and reveal character traits In the short story, by Kate Chopin, themes are expressed through symbolism. The main theme portrayed by Chopin is freedom. This concept of freedom becomes prevalent when†¦show more content†¦The way Nurse Ratched controls the inmates and punishes them using electric shock therapy symbolizes how McMurphy is trapped. This feeling of entrapment leaves McMurphy in a continuous battle to gain back his freedom from Nurse Ratched. According to McMurphy, â€Å"we must pursue freedom at any cost, even if that cost is death.† Along with gaining freedom, Chief Bromden shows characteristics of the second theme, heroism. Throughout the book Bromden pretends to be deaf and dumb. This symbolizes how he feels hidden and different compared to the world he is living in. As the novel continues he becomes greedy for freedom and eventually rises up to his biggest fears when he suffocates Nurse Ratched. Once Nurse Ratched is out of the picture, Bromden breaks the window and escapes from th e hospital. The idea that Bromden was able to remove the control panel and use it to break the window, symbolizes his true strength and how he can accomplish anything after running â€Å"through† his freedom. Symbolism has also been used to its advantage in revealing character traits. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† the character traits were expressed through the extensive use of symbolism showing the true way Louise Mallard felt about her husband. When Mrs. Mallard heard about her husband’s alleged death she was immediately filled with a new lust for life and independence. Looking out of her window symbolizes how much she nowShow MoreRelatedKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 PagesKesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the psychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. 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Kesey portrays laughter as a parallel to freedom through various literary symbols and imagery in order to illustrate how the power of laughter can free a man who is under the control of an unjust authority. Through the characterization of Nurse Ratched and McMurphy, Kesey illustrates how the manipulation of othersRead MoreLiterary Analysis over One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesLITERARY ANALYSIS One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey during a time in our society when pressures of our modern world seemed at their greatest. Many people were, at this time, deemed by society’s standards to be insane and institutionalized. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is set in a ward of a mental institution. The major conflict in the novel is that of power. Power is a recurring and overwhelming theme throughout the novel. Kesey shows the power of womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Chief Bromden s The Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 952 Words   |  4 PagesWho are the people involved: The patients and staff of the hospital are the main characters throughout the novel. The resolution of the conflict: At the end of the Novel, the resolution was Chief Bromden had escaped from the mental hospital. It affected the mental hospital because many patients were happy he escaped from Nurse Ratched authority. Character Analysis: Chief Bromden - The narrator/patient of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Chief Bromden is the son of the chief of the Columbia IndiansRead MoreSanity Like One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest1905 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent mediums ranging from films that tackled issues of sanity like One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest to novels that dealt with much darker issues such as schizophrenia in Flora Schreiber’s Sybil. One of the most controversial and talked about productions of the 20th century is Peter Shaffer’s 1974 Tony winning play, Equus, which recounts Dr. Martin Dysart’s encounter and treatment of a seventeen year old boy, Alan Strang, who blinded six horses with an icepick. The play focuses on therapy sessions

Chinese Dynasties Essay Example For Students

Chinese Dynasties Essay Chinese Dynasties: 1. Shang: Also called Yin, dynasty that was Chinas earliest historically verifiable state 1766 B.C. to 1122 B.C. A. Reasons for Rise: Unlike the early accounts of history by the Chinese, there is archaeological evidence of the Shang, who built their cities in northern China around the eastern parts of the Yellow River. For this reason they are called the Yellow River civilization. They were a bronze age people; bronze-working seems to have entered China around 2000 BC (about one thousand years after its invention in Mesopotamia). B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Shang ruled the area from the North China Plain northward into present-day Shantung Province and westward to the tip of Honan Province. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: A city-state confederation with a three-fold structure of king, officials, commoners. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: The Shang worshiped the earth and other na ture deities to whom they offered human sacrifices. They communicated with the supernatural by writing messages on oracle bones. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: The Shang society was many agricultural. They had a large army. Bronze casting was highly developed and a writing system had evolved. There commerce was highly developed and they used cowrie shells was used as currency. Shang art consisted of Bronze, pottery, and jade ornaments. Writing: The singular aspect of Shang civilization is their invention of writing. Almost all the written records of the Shang have disappeared, for the court records were kept on strips of bamboo. However, inscriptions on bronze and on the oracle bones still survive so we have specimens of the very first Chinese writings. The writing system was originally pictographic, that is, words were represented by pictures that fairly closely resembled the meaning of the word. The picture for sun, for instance, looked much like the s un. This pictographic writing eventually developed into the more complex ideographic writing that we are more familiar with. Chinese writing is one of the only contemporary writing systems that still prominently bears traces of its pictographic origins. Religion: The Shang worshipped a figure they called Shang Ti, or Lord on High. This supreme god ruled over lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. Shang-Ti also regulated human affairs as well as ruling over the material universe. This dual function would, in the Chou dynasty, be attributed to a more abstract figure, tien, or Heaven. The Shang also believed that their ancestors dwelled in heaven after their death and continued to show an interest in their familiy and descendants. The obligations within the family included, therefore, the ancestors. Failing in ones duties to the ancestors could bring all sorts of disaster on a family. All of these divine and semi-divine figures, from Shang-Ti to a familys ancestors, were sacrificed to. However, we know little of the nature or the frequency of these sacrifices. We do know, however, that in the Chou dynasty only the king could sacrifice to Shang-Ti; it is highly likely that Shang-Ti was the local god of the Shang kings who was subsequently elevated in order to elevate the Shang themselves. The one disturbing fact of Shang sacrifice is that it certainly involved humans; slaves and prisoners of war were often sacrificed by the hundreds when a king died. Lesser numbers were sacrificed at the founding of a palace or temple. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: 2. Chou: dynasty (1122-221 B.C.) that ruled ancient china from almost a thousand years establishing a distinctive political and cultural characteristics which would be identified with China for the next 2,000 years. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Chou people seemed to have been a group of semi-nomadic barbarian s living on the western fringe of the north China plain. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: A series of feudal states: Primitive communications made it impossible to institute central rule over the territory. They partitioned it off among the members of the ruling family and the loyal generals. The Chou kings never exercised any real military or political power over the entire country. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: China changed from one of the most backward parts of the world to one of the most advanced. Iron, Ox-drawn plow, crossbow, and horses were all introduced. Large scale irrigation and water control projects increased crop yield greatly. Communication system was improved due to the increase of new roads. Coinage was developed and chopsticks came into use. Chinese writing system was developed. The great schools of Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism developed in th is period. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: 3. Chin: dynasty, (221-206 B.C.) That established the first great Chinese Empire. The Chin, is the origin of the word china, established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all Chinese dynasties were to follow. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Was originated by the state of chin one of the many small feudal states into which china had been divided. It occupied the Wei river valley in the extreme north west of the country. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: It was the most martial states. The rulers of Chin began to centralize state power creating a rigid system of law that were applicable through out the country. The state was divided into a series of provinces ruled by officials appointed by the central government. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: To ru le his vast territory Shih Huang Ti, instituted a ridgid government and standardized the writing system. They built the Great Wall of china F. Major reasons for decline and fall: The harsh methods of ruling combined with large taxes caused a rebellion after Shih Huang Ti death in 210 B.C. The dynasty was replaced by the Han dynasty. 4. Han: dynasty, (206 B.C. -228 A.D.), the second great Chinese imperial dynasty A. Reasons for Rise: The dynasty was founded by Liu Pang a man of humble birth that lead the revolt against the repressive policies of the Chin dynasty. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Fought against the Huns in the north and advanced into western Turkestan where they opened up communication to the subcontinent of India. They conquered western Korea and took over trade with Japan. They conquered northern Vietnam. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The Han copied the highly centralized structure of the chin dynasty. The county was divided into a series of areas appointed by the central government. They adopted a Confucian ideology that emphasized moderation and virtue. This was so successful that the Han dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: Confucianism, the emperor was the intermediary between his subjects and heaven. Confucian historians saw history not as progressive but as cyclical. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Dramatic increase of trade with the outside world. This was a major time of peace and prosperity. They achieved breakthroughs in medicine and astronomy. Zhang Heng developed a instrument to measure earth quakes. Greatly improved farming methods that lead to better crops. Improved the plow, and methods of grinding grain. Irrigation was improved. Clothes where elaborate, and the people eat well. Entertainment was common. They invented paper which was cheaper than previous writing materials. They imp roved iron working, which lead to better weapons and tools. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: Eventually war on the frontier and the Emperors building projects put a large stain on society. The peasants were drafted into the army and agricultural production fell. Many farms were lost to rich people and the peasants wound up being hired workers or even bandits. The peasants revolted and the Generals used this opportunity to establish land for them self and the empire collapsed in confusion. China was broken up into 3 kingdoms, the kingdom of Wei in the north, Shu in the upper Yangtze river, and the Wu kingdom in the lower Yangtze river. 5. Sui: ( A.D. 581-618), dynasty that reunified China after the long-standing divisions of the Six Dynasties period (A.D. 220-589). A. Reasons for Rise: Began on a Grand Canal, a system of waterways designed to unite North and South China both economically and politically. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): C. System of gover nment rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: They undertook massive construction projects at their two capitals, Lo-yang and Chang-an, and they reasserted Chinese sovereignty over Central Asia. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: These efforts put some much strain on the populace that it finally led to the overthrow of this dynasty. 6. Tiang: (618 A.D. 907 B.C.) founded by a former high official of the Sui Dynasty A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): Re-extended Chinese control over much of central Asia and Korea. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The civil service system grew into a mature form and most government officials had to take exams in order to get into the civil service. This lead to a decline in power of the landed aristocracy. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: Co nfucianism was revived and became the official state religion. Buddhism continued to flourish. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Long period of peace and growth and one of the most cosmopolitan periods. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: A revolt in 755 almost overthrew the dynasty but was suppressed. However the government never recovered and the generals took over. 7. Sung: Marked one of Chinas most brilliant ages. (960 A.D. 1279 A.D.) Due to their weakness, the Sung made an alliance with a Chin dynasty(1122-1234) of northern Manchuria. After all their mutual enemies were defeated, the Chin turned on the Sung. This forced them to retreat and form a new capital in the South in 1135. This new Sung dynasty far surpassed that of the old one. The economic and intellectual achievements increased while the former Sung dynasty to the north slowly decayed. The dynasty showed no internal sign of collapse, but its downfall was many years of bitter fighting agai nst a superior force. A. Reasons for Rise: B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): The Sung capital was relocated to Lin An in southern China. After the original capital was lost to nomadic tribes. The Sung agreed to the permanent loss of the territory between china and the great wall. C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: They developed a welfare system which made this a very humane period in Chinese history. To avoid the problems the Tang government faced, the Northern Sung made the military subordinate to the civil government. Every aspect of government and society was dominated by the civil government. The civil service test was expanded so that the government would have a constant flow of young talent. The Sung re-organized the imperial government, centralizing the control of the dynasty at the capital. The local government was left pretty much the same. Education flourished and the economy also continued to expand. The literature that was being created in the late Tang dynasty continued to flourish as well. However, even with such improvements, there was one major flaw, a weak military. The Sungs military was not very powerful, and they frequently signed treaties to end fighting. Usually included in the treaties were stipulations requiring the Sung to pay tributes to the enemies they were fighting. With the population growth came greater economic growth. The military was a large portion of the annual income due to border defenses. The Northern Sung fell apart due to differences in opinions by the civil bureaucrats. In 1069, a young Sung emperor appointed Wang An-shih as his chief counselor. Wang brought about great change in the government. He proposed plans to increase government income, decrease spending, and strengthen military forces. Wang An-Shih realized that the governments wealth came from the peasants, and that the wealthier the peasants were, the wealthier the government would be. So, Wa ng implemented land reforms to give equal allotments of land to farmers, loans to cultivators to assist planting and harvesting, and a graduated tax on wealth. Parts of Wangs plan were adopted, but some were not used due to bureaucratic opposition. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: They merged the Buddhist and Taoist religions together and also increased the influence of Confucius. E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: Commerce developed to an unprecedented extent. Paper currency came into use and several large cities with a population of more than existed along the southern coast. They developed the printing press. Sculpture and landscape painting flourished. Confucian philosophy was systematized into a doctrine. The Sung dynasty was a age of major accomplishments. Sculpture in lacquer and wood were very artistic. F. Major reasons for decline and fall: The dynasty fell to the Mongol army of Kublai Khan. 8. Mongols: A brave warrior named Temujin became lea der of a federation of Mongol tribes in 1206. The tribes renamed him greatest of all rulers, or Genghis Khan. For the next 21 years Genghis Khan undertook military campaigns that extended Mongol rule well into Russia and into the Middle East. His warriors also took over northern China, capturing the city of Peking (modern-day Beijing) in 1215 and eventually establishing a Mongol dynasty. Upon Genghis Khans death in 1227, four of his sons inherited his armies and lands. One of his grandsons, Batu Khan, extended Mongol control of Russia under his Golden Horde, creating a base for raids on Eastern Europe. Mongol expansion into Russia was aided by Alexander Nevski, a Russian prince who collaborated with the Mongols. The empire was at its height under Kublai Khan, who brought all of China under Mongol control. In 1279 Kublai Khan announced the beginning, or Yuan, of a new era, which gave its name to the Mongol Dynasty that would last until 1368. As with all such extended empires, decline set in. The Khans allowed administration to fall into the hands of local bureaucrats, who soon developed their own power bases. In addition, feuding broke out between the various subdivisions of the empire. China was lost to the Ming dynasty in 1368. The khans of Persia were overthrown, and the Russians defeated the Golden Horde in 1480. In 1206 Temujin was elected head of a federation of Mongol tribes. His title within the All the Mongols league was Genghis Khan. Between 1206 and 1227, when Genghis Khan died, the Mongols conquered a dominion that stretched from the China Sea to the Caspian. On the north it bordered the forest belt of Siberia, and on the south it touched the Pamir range, Tibet, and the central plains of China. The first attack was launched against the Hsi-Hsia, who occupied a border state in northwestern China. By 1215 all of northern China, including the capital at Ta-tu (now called Beijing), had been taken. In 1218 the Mongols moved into eastern Turkestan. Betwee n 1219 and 1225 they added western Turkestan. Advance troops penetrated into southern Russia and raided cities in the Crimea. A. Reasons for Rise: n 1206, after 20 years of internal war, Genghis Khan united the roaming Mongol tribes into a new national entity, the Blue Mongols. In 1211, he focused on China, breaking through the Great Wall two years later and conquering Beijing in 1215. Resistance from Chinese rulers, conflict within the Mongolian camp and forays into Russia delayed the conquest of the Song Dynasty for many years. Not until 1279 did his grandson, Kublai Khan, gain control of southern China and establish the Yuan Dynasty. The China ruled by Kublai Khan was the vastest country the world has ever seen. The Mongols established two capitals: a summer capital of Shangdu in Inner Mongolia and a winter capital of Dadu, now known as Beijing. The Yuan grip remained strong until the end, despite internal problems and widespread Chinese disaffection with their Mongol rulers. By the middle of the 14th century, though, the country had become convulsed by rebellion. By 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang, an orphan who became a Buddhist novice, had climbed to the top of the rebel leadership. In 1368, he established the Ming Dynasty and restored Chinese rule. B. Territorial Location size at height of power (map): From Russia down to southern China C. System of government rule names of noted rulers and their accomplishments: The Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan was not a unified state but a vast collection of territories held together by military force. Because it was controlled by so many military leaders, all theoretically responsible to the great khan, the empire carried within it the seeds of its own breakdown. Central power rested with the khan and his councillors. Although they were well organized militarily, the Mongols had no developed concept for ruling settled populations. The various territories were under the authority of military commanders. New conquests were not administered just economically exploited. In areas that were under subjugation longer, there was some growth of administration. Local bureaucracies, though dominated by Mongols, usually followed administrative patterns that had been locally developed. This was especially true in China, with its ancient and vast bureaucracy. While Genghis Khan was still living, he divided the empire between his four favorite sons. Tului, the youngest, received the original Mongol homelands and parts of northern China. Ogadai received western Mongolia and part of northwestern China. Chagatai was given most of Turkestan in Central Asia. The oldest son, Juchi, received southwestern Siberia, western Turkestan, and Russian lands stretching north of the Black Sea. A fifth section of the empire was later added when Hulagu, a son of Tului, conquered Iran, Iraq, and Syria in the 1250s. D. Major Religious beliefs practices: E. *Major Accomplishments, Achievements, and contributions: The largest empir e ever seen F. Major reasons for decline and fall: Genghis Khan and his eldest son, Juchi, both died in 1227. At a convocation of Mongol leaders, Ogadai was appointed supreme khan. Juchis lands in the west were inherited by his son Batu. Ogadai made his capital at Karakorum in central Mongolia. He immediately set out to add more of China to the Mongol conquests. By 1234 all but the southernmost region of China had been incorporated. Manic Depression Essay