Thomas Hardys The Convergence Of The Twain Essay -- Sinking Titanic P

Thomas Hardys The Convergence Of The TwainThe poem The Convergence of the Twain, by Thomas Hardy, is about the sinking of the Titanic. The title alone describes the institutionalize and the iceberg meeting as one. By choosing this title, the author automatically conveys a seriousness of the poem. The author uses various literary techniques to convey his mockery and careless spot towards the sinking of the ship.In the first louver stanzas, the author discusses the already submerged ship. ?Stilly couches she,? describes the ship resting on the bottom of the ocean. The lines, ?Jewels in joy designed? double-dealing lightless, all their sparkles bleared and black and blind?, point out the waste of money, technology and craftsmanship going down with the ship which is consistently mentioned in these stanzas. In the conterminous six stanzas he describes the iceberg and the ship meeting together as one in destiny.The use of personification found in the last five stanzas gives the ship it s own power. The author refers to the ship as ?her? which makes the ship sound as though it has a mind of its own. The ship is also described as ?smart and growing in grace, stature, and hue.? This means that the ship was growing in confidence. ?She? thought she was untouchable and unsinkable. His attitude reflects his thoughts that the ship was on route to destiny, and no benevolent of human powers could stop it.The next literary technique used is irony. The lines ?Over the mirrors meant To glass the opulent the sea-...

pulp fiction :: essays research papers

figure Fiction is like boot camp for the Marines. You come into it from your civilized life, they subject you to impetuous language until youre numb, they abuse you verbally and physically until all of your normal feelings and values are reduced to dust. Leaving you aware that you have changed, and able to describe the change, you assure yourself questioning the person you were previously. First thing you know youre saluting. This bill is a cleverly disorienting journey through with(predicate) a landscape of danger, shock, hilarity, and vibrant local anesthetic color. Nothing is predictable or familiar within this irresistibly bizarre world. You do not merely enter a theater to see Pulp Fiction you go fell a rabbit hole. Theater is an actor moving through time and space, telling a story. In Quentin Terintenios, Pulp Fiction, the actors demo savvy modern-day gangsters and the story is three stories told in backwards order. To say the least this not your average story. The fi eld of the story is redemption, and the journey to achieve that redemption. The characters are colorfully multidimensional and most importantly they are believable. The language of the story is street-smart and confident, like the characters. There is no main plot, only mirror plots that are reflections of each other. The theme of redemption is portrayed by two of the main characters of the story. These characters seek redemption and a new way of life, they each desire a more impeccable life. Butch (Bruce Willis) wants to pull off one last scam and then run away with the woman he loves. He seeks forgiveness and redemption through the future birth of his child. He wants his child to have a healthy childhood so that he will have the opportunity to hand down his precious gold watch, which was handed down to him. Jules (Samuel Jackson) has a near death experience and sees it as divine intervention that he is alive. Now he manifestly wants to leave his criminal lifestyle to walk the ea rth, and find his true self. Our story starts with the journey of the characters. The characters in this story are not simply low-spirited and white, from the moment you meet them you are drawn in and want to know more about them. The storys intrigue, that element that makes the viewer curious, draws the audience in. And the storys credibility, the consistency of the characters, holds the audience there, inside the movie.

An Exploration of Conflict and Social Exchange Theory Essay -- Social

IntroductionIn developing my ability to analyze date from unalike theoretical perspectives, I have learned through different theories how to practice different steps to manage my reactions to them. What I hope to accomplish within my paper is a general broad overview analysis of my experience with twain Interpersonal Theories and Relationship Theories. I also wish to explain how when conflicts do arise, the steps on what people should do when making choices when they communicate in conflict situations. The reason why conflict is worth examining and experiencing, is because it shows us how we fag develop better communication with the foundation of our mistakes and what we can learn from them. By learning from our mistakes we can expect to gain more knowledge on how to acquire different behaviors to manage conflict.Conflict DescriptionNow in explaining my conflict, it involves someone who is very meaning(a) to me in my life. The person I am referring to is my girlfriend Maria. Mar ia and I having been together for two and a half years and things seem to be expiration pretty well. We both enjoy severally others company and when we do spend time together it usually involves us having fun. There is never a dull moment when we are together and we both strive for and work towards are success. When it comes to school or work we always support each other in any positive way we can. Now in explaining on who holds the causation, I would say that we both hold some sort of power when deciding different things in are relationship. There is not one person who indefinitely holds all the power in my opinion. In many situations on that point have been many occasions where she has felt strongly in an engagement where I have stepped aside and given support. I... ...mething I may thought I have did to make her upset, didnt. And it was something that I let my mind think that she was going to be. When studying about the complexity of a persons behavior, you can in truth she how things can so easily be resolved through simple communication. The way I can benefit from both these theories is by taking into account statement what they both mean. For Social Exchange I can take away that social behavior is the result of an exchange process by maximizing benefits and lessen costs, and for Uncertainty I have learned that people have a need to reduce uncertainty about others by gaining information about the task at hand.Works CitedDudley D. Cahn, Ruth Anna Abigail. Managing Conflict through Communication. Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education , 2014.Griffith, Marquis. Conflict Analysis Paper. Lumberton, New Jersey, 2014

Essay example --

Lynn ArmstrongComposition IIIllustration Essay11 March, 2014O Captain My CaptainWalt Whitman was a 19th century American poet who changed the rules for typography poetry. He is superstar of my favorite poets because he was bold enough to openly talk about sexuality and same sex couples in his works during a time where such things were looked down upon and even banned. He also aided the nation to understand and face the grief they felt after the loss of a respectable and loved authority figure. With O Captain My Captain, Walt Whitman captures the contrasting duality of the times both triumphant and mournful in nature. Of all of his colorful, imaginative poems this one in particular resonates with me because the poets heartbreak is so real and apparent in the poems somber and pleading tone. This poem begins energetically, in the first couplet although it does not assign you directly to the subject of the poem. What we know is that a ship commanded by an unnamed captain has come bac k from a voyage, which has apparently been dreadful. (Terrinino) I can dead imagine the ship being meant to symbolize America during the Civil War and the damage caused by it. Also, the prize that was won is obviously the victory of the Civil War. age in the second couplet, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring. This passage comes away particularly enjoyable to me because it talks about the men finally coming home from the war and the enthusiasm that awaits them when they get home. It has been a long, perilous journey for the soldiers. I dont have to try to imagine that they are excited about finally being able to be reunited with their families because ... ...es the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring further O heart heart heartO the bleeding drops of red,Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.O Captain my Captain full up and hear the bellsRise upfor you the flag is flungf or you the bugle trills,For you bouquets and ribbond wreathsfor you the shores a-crowding,For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turningHere Captain dear fatherThe ramp up beneath your headIt is some dream that on the deck,Youve fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,The ship is anchord safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object wonExult O shores, and ring O bellsBut I with mournful tread,Walk the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.

Galactic Center at Very High Energies Essay -- The Universe, Black Hol

Every time a new messenger ( diametrical photon wavelengths or a different particle) has added to the list of observables accessible to astrophysicists, the Universe has appeared under a new light it has revealed surprising features and triggered new questions, ultimately changing our understanding of fundamental physics and cosmology.Examples complicate the new elementary particles discovered in cosmic rays in the 30s and 40s, flavor oscillations from the solar and atmospheric neutrinos, or the revolutions brought by radio or X-ray astronomy. The farthest decade, a new branch of astronomy was born high vigor and very high energy gamma-ray astronomy.Especially, 2OO4 was a very importand course of study for the gamma-rays astronomy. Firstly it was the form that marked the 30th aniversary of the discovery of the compact radio source Sgr A* (Balick and Brown 1974) which is now strongly believed to be the revelation of a supermassive black fuddle of a mass of (3 imes 106 M odot ) that seats in the rotanional center of the Galaxy, according to the measurments of star motions near the Galactic Center (GC). Moreover it was the year that the first detection of gamma-rays from a compact area of size (sim 10) around Sgr A* with the INTEGRAL (extitInternational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory ) observatory in the energy ire from 20 to 100 keV (Belanger et al 2004) and with the HESS (High Energy Stereoscopic System) Cerenkov telescope array between 165 and 10 TeV (Aharonian et al 2004) took place. The detection of a high energy radiation source that appears to be pointlike and coincident with the Galactic Nucleus seems to be the reword of 30 years of observations. The GC is now observed also by the Fermi space observatory. When J.Co... ...i.e. within (sim 100 ) Schwarzchild radii of the black hole). This fact must be explained by any model for the TeV gamma-rays and it seems to support the scenario where the gamma-rays are assosiated with electrons accelarated by the pulsar nose nebula.However, protons may be accelarated close to the black hole, but be converted to gamma-rays only after travelling a significant distance away from the accelaration region (e.g. Atoyan n Dermer 2004 Aharonian n Neronov 2005 Ballantyne et al. 2007a). In the scenario presented by Ballantyne et al. (2007a), proton accelaration was assumed to occur at distances only (sim 20-30 ) Scwarzchild radii from the black hole (e.g. Liu et al. 2006). The particles would then diffuse away from the Sgr A* by dint of the magnetized turbulent ISM ? , until possibly colliding with the dense molecular gas in the circumnuclear disk.

Galactic Center at Very High Energies Essay -- The Universe, Black Hol

Every time a mod messenger (different photon wavelengths or a different particle) has added to the list of observables loving to astrophysicists, the Universe has appeared under a new light it has revealed surprising features and triggered new questions, ultimately changing our understanding of fundamental physics and cosmology.Examples include the new dewy-eyed particles discovered in cosmic rays in the 30s and 40s, flavor oscillations from the solar and atmospheric neutrinos, or the revolutions brought by radio or X-ray astronomy. The last decade, a new branch of astronomy was born high energy and very high energy gamma-ray astronomy.Especially, 2OO4 was a very importand year for the gamma-rays astronomy. Firstly it was the year that marked the thirtieth aniversary of the discovery of the compact radio obtain Sgr A* (Balick and Brown 1974) which is now strongly believed to be the revelation of a super pickleive black hole of a mass of (3 imes 106 M odot ) that seats in the rot anional center of the Galaxy, according to the measurments of star motions near the Galactic Center (GC). Moreover it was the year that the first detective work of gamma-rays from a compact region of size (sim 10) around Sgr A* with the INTEGRAL (extitInternational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory ) observatory in the energy rage from 20 to hundred keV (Belanger et al 2004) and with the HESS (High Energy Stereoscopic System) Cerenkov telescope array between 165 and 10 TeV (Aharonian et al 2004) took place. The detection of a high energy radiation source that appears to be pointlike and coincident with the Galactic Nucleus seems to be the reword of 30 years of observations. The GC is now observed also by the Fermi office observatory. When J.Co... ...i.e. within (sim 100 ) Schwarzchild radii of the black hole). This fact must be explained by any model for the TeV gamma-rays and it seems to support the scenario where the gamma-rays are assosiated with electrons accelarated by the pulsar wind nebula.However, protons may be accelarated close to the black hole, but be converted to gamma-rays only after travelling a significant distance away from the accelaration region (e.g. Atoyan n Dermer 2004 Aharonian n Neronov 2005 Ballantyne et al. 2007a). In the scenario presented by Ballantyne et al. (2007a), proton accelaration was assumed to occur at distances only (sim 20-30 ) Scwarzchild radii from the black hole (e.g. Liu et al. 2006). The particles would then diffuse away from the Sgr A* through the magnetized irritated ISM ? , until possibly colliding with the dense molecular gas in the circumnuclear disk.

Hsm Appendix

Instead of confronting the husband trying to talk rationally with him and defuse the situation while alarming the authorities is the best route for dealing with a person like that. In the case of the wife the programs offered through the agency promote self-worth and help prevent her from feeling dingy about herself. Learning new Job skills and healthy ways of thinking about oneself should prepare her for an Independent lifestyle to provide for her and her children. Scenario 2 Closure of a Planned Parenthood Clinic In Scenario two the prevention level being used is the Secondary level of prevention.Secondary prevention can be delimitate as the early detection and treatment of dysfunction. In this scenario I see the human serve program attempting to prevent teenage pregnancy and the rate in their association from steady climbing up by offering services to help teens prevent unplanned pregnancies. I would handle this situation a little differently than how it is handled in this s cenario. I would I would still organize a group of other health and human service providers to help In assisting the county to solve the issues, alone In Dalton to that I would bring wariness to the community and local politician through getting the media involved.I would also look into doing different fundraising drives to help build notes as well as charity drives to keep the clinic open. I would make sure I explain to the public and politicians how unique our program is from others and why its inwrought that we stay open. Scenario 3 Caring for the Homeless In scenario three the prevention level being used is the tertiary prevention. This type of prevention is generally defined in terms of efforts to rehabilitate and return to the community those afflicted with severe mental disorders.In this scenario I wouldnt change anything I think that bringing health services In the clinics is the best solution to ensure that the homeless are getting the attention and care they need since they generally wouldnt go on their own. Having the health resources on that point onsite makes it physicians and staff to work towards rehabilitating them and ensuring they are healthy. Bringing the services into the clinics will ensure that their needs are being met properly and it will also help to ransack up the community of those who are mentally ill by making sure they are well taken care of.

ICD-10-CM Essay

The Changes between ICD-9 and ICD-10 code sets.Differences between ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS code sets.How ICD-10 coding could necessitate patient encounters.How the transition pass on affect departments.Regulatory requirements.Quality Improvement.Clinical Documentation Improvement.The ch tout ensembleenges and barriers of ICD-10-CM/PCS coding transitions.Create a checklist for the staff.The font or typeface I go away use or script-like fonts approximately 14, in bold those typically work better as heading fonts rather than body text and 12 for the body. I use of visuals communication would inspection and repair me effectively deliver my message on the important issues with documentation and with the pictures and graphs, showing gains and loss of loss revenue would help them understandwhat is call for for compliance and append revenue. I will also show the standard required to be in compliances with The Joint Commission rule and regulations. The reason for my choice for prepa rgondness materials because is easiest counseling too explained and train the staff with all the new changes. These training sessions will be workshops and departmental in-services with custom design to fit severally service quests. My training or transition would first gear with and introduction to explained in detail the new system of ICD-10The ICD-10 TransitionThe ICD-9 code sets used to report medical examination diagnoses and inpatient Procedures will be replaced by ICD-10 code sets. This fact sheet provides background on the ICD-10 transition, general guidance on how to prepare for it, and resources for more information. About ICD-10ICD-10-CM/PCS International Classifications of Diseases, tenth Edition, and Clinical Modification Procedure Coding System consist of two parts.1. ICD-10-CM for diagnosis coding outpatient2. ICD-10-PCS for inpatient procedure coding.ICD-10-CM for use in all U.S. wellness care settings. Diagnosis Coding under ICD-10-CM uses 3 to 7 digits instead of the 3 to 5 digits used with ICD-9-CM, but the format of the code sets is similar. ICD-10-PCS is for use in U.S. inpatient hospital settings only. ICD-10 PCS uses 7 alphanumeric digits instead of the 3 or 4 numeric digits used under ICD-9-CM procedure coding. Coding under ICD-10-PCS is frequently more specific and substantially disparate from ICD-9-CM procedures coding.The transition to ICD-10 is occurring because ICD-9 produces limited information about patients medical conditions and hospital inpatient procedures. ICD-9 is 30 years old, has outdated terms, and is absurd with current medical practice. Also, the structure of ICD-9limits the number of new codes that can be created, and many ICD-9 categories are full.This New Patient synopsis table demonstrates the required levels of the 3 key components for E&M code selection History, Exam, and Medical Decision Making elements must be met in all 3.This New Patient Summary table demonstrates the required levels of the 3 key co mponents for E&M code selection History, Exam, and Medical Decision Making elements must be met in all 3.Next I would add a example of E&M codes with procedure and continue through the most common outpatient services and I would start with the inpatient process. I hope with the canvas and and example and other training aids the medical staff would understand that it more important than ever with the documentation and explained in different scenario how it could affect you and patient legally and medically, when treatment is not documented. Using visual most times it help, just not just having a boring training where you know no ones is paying attention.I will use other visual aids and charts on a few different power points. Since it so much information to take in I will do a basis summary of the changes. In Addition I will complete on training aids using what the Department of Veterans Affairs adding some of my material making it more customize for our Medical mall breaking it up so the staff wouldnt get overwhelm.Iexplain and show them that structurally, ICD-9-CM is running out of room to add new codes. New diagnosis codes are submitted by medical societies, quality monitoring organizations and others annually. ICD-10-CM will allow not only for more codes but also for greater specificity and thus better epidemiologic tracking, analysis of disease patterns and treatment outcomes, supports quality measurement efforts, and leads to accurate reimbursement and supports waste, fraud and abuse initiatives.Health Information Management(HIM) my department will have assessment each of coding staff they will be the first to complete the training along with the doctors. The doctors training will be more on documentation. The doctors will need to document to the level of ICD-10 allows for very specific code assignment when provider done. The coders will train more on how to select the correct codes. My finial decision will be the following steps1.ICD-10 Training ICD2.IC D-10-CM Anatomy and Pathophysiology3.ICD-10 Proficiency Assessment4.ICD-10 Documentation Training for Physicians (detailed)5.Implementation ICD-10-CMMy Duties As The Medical Records AdministrationManagement ability to put authority, evaluate and oversee people and programs, recognize and adapt to changing priorities andKnowledge of the interrelationships and interdependencies among various medical and administrative services and programs.Teaching or instructing in an liberal education program, secondary school, college, military installation, or industrial establishment in the appropriate field(s).Supervising or administering a training program.Development or review of training/course materials, aids, devices, etc., and evaluation of training results.Work in the occupation or subject matter field of the position to be filled that required training or instructing others on a regular basis.Regulations and standards of various regulatory and credentialing groups andGovernment-wide, a gency, and facility systems and requirements in various administrative areas such as budget, personnel, and procurement.Planning, developing, and directing a medical records program for a health care facility that meets both institutional goals and standards of accrediting agencies.Evaluating and analyzing the organization and operation of medical records services, including medical records and indexes, and recommending and/or implementing appropriate revisions and modifications.Assisting medical and administrative staff in evaluating the quality and appropriateness of patient and health care services.Designing information systems to collect, analyze, monitor, report, and maintain privacy and confidentiality of patient and institutional data for health care related programs, and evaluating and implementing changes to assure the reliability of data.Developing and implementing policies and procedures for processing legal medical documents and insurance and correspondence requests in a ccordance with Federal, State, and local statuRefernce hunt club Ask Pictureshttp//www.search.ask.com/pictures?q=new&o=APN10092&lang=english&tpr=3&gct=barSearch Ask celabrationhttp//www.search.ask.com/pictures?q=balloons+celabration&o=APN10092&lang=english&tpr=2&gct=barDepartment of Veterans Affairshttp//vaww.vhaco.va.gov/him/

Actions to Reduce Fixed Costs Essay

Increase volume such that the fixed bells become a littler proportion of the cost base. Derive value from sweating the assets by working them as much as is safely and practically possible. For example, airlines plan their schedules to maximize night-time fast between 11pm and 6am when there are oftentimes legal restrictions on landings and take-offs. Outsource on a unit cost basis, thus making the cost varying rather than fixed. For example, buying in a comp unitarynt at a cost per unit rather than paying for a machine and staff to declare them yourself.Use standard platforms (such as one type of asset), thus minimizing the amounts of spares that need to be held. For example, logistics companies generally have only one manufacturer of trucks, and airlines select all Boeing or Airbus. Use temporary staff to manage peaks in demand and thus avoid carrying the cost of staff throughout the year when demand is lower. For example, hotels often call in temporary banqueting staff for large functions. Use an element of profit-related pay rather than a fixed salary, thus aligning the workout cost to the performance of the business. Similarly, sales commission not only provides a sales incentive but also makes the cost variable.Assess the full life-cycle cost of an asset. A cheaper asset may over its useful life involve higher maintenance and ultimately faster replacement than a more overpriced version. For example, a cheap printer may do the job, but soon its quality deteriorates and within a short while a new one is required. Develop products that can use the go down on from manufacturing the primary product. For example, Marmite, a yeast extract spread, is made from the residue from brewing beer, thus making the brewing waste a revenue earner rather than a disposal cost.Employ staff with accountable hours contracts rather than standard hours and overtime. The process is that the staff works the hours they are required, but only 1,600 hours in a year. Operatio nally, this requires one-twelfth of the staff to have their accountable hours year ending each month. This makes sure that all the staffs do not run out of hours at the same time. Simplify the product or service. Cut out a stage in the process that reduces cost but does not result in customers perceiving any loss in quality. For example, Kit Kat, a chocolate bar, used to be wrapped in resist with a paper sleeve. The packaging now is just a single outer wrapper. Some organizations describe this action as squeeze, which is the process of bring down the unit cost of production with no discernible loss in quality.

Preventing Unwanted Pregnancy Essay

A happily married couple, Thomas and Ella, have dickens children named Cody and Rachel. Thomas has two jobs to support his family, and then Ella evoke stay home to take care of their young boy and girl, a gigantic with ho custom go. After a long night of unvoiced work, Thomas came home to Ella crying in the bathroom. Ella, what is the matter? he asked. She wiped away her tears, took a deep breath, looked Thomas deep into his brown eye and said, Im pregnant. They both knew they were not prepared for an separate child to come into the family, but once Thomas and Ella talked to a doctor round their options they decided to keep the baby. Yet, now they had to make a responsible change for future to nix this from happening again. The doctor provided two methods to choose from natural family proviso or contraceptive devices. Family planning is a significant subject in our culture with the exponential growth of the world community, but society must contemplate the sustainability of all family planning methods. By comparing the methods of two contraceptive choices of natural family planning and artificial contraceptives, the goal is to decide which is the overall superior option. While canvass the effectiveness of artificial contraceptives and natural family planning, supporting and opposing arguments of each method must be provided to make a reasonable judgment.Although contraceptive devices can prevent pregnancy and some cozyly transmitted disease as well, natural family planning is the better option for those who are in a consistent internal relationship. The natural family planning method, in any case known as fertility awareness, does not contain unnatural hormones or chemicals, and tracks the normal monthly changes of womens body fertility. legitimate with Richard J. Fehring, a researcher from the Marquette College of Nursing, natural family planning (NFP) is a method of avoiding or achieving a pregnancy by studying the patterns of fertility and with drawing from coitus while the female person is productive. Couples observe signs of fertility in the woman by tracking the womans body temperature, mucus secretion and other signs. This method can also be referred to as the fertility awareness method, periodic abstinence, or the rhythm method (Fehring 2). Petra Frank-Herrmann, a professor at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, found For a contraceptive method to be rated as noblely efficient as the hormonal pill, there should be less thanone pregnancy per 100 women per year when the method is utilize correctly. Frank-Herrmann led a study including 900 women using the method of natural family planning.She verified, the pregnancy rate for woman who used the NFP method correctly in our study was 0.4%, which can be interpreted as one pregnancy occurring per 250 woman per year. While the effectiveness of natural family planning is equal to or greater than that of any unwritten contraceptive rate, which is about 0.7% (Natural Fami ly Planning Method As Effective As Contraceptive Pill, New Research Finds). The evidence suggests that natural family planning is a more sustainable method of pregnancy prevention than contraceptive devices. Natural family planning helps to preserve good health because it does not include chemicals, pills or other harmful devices. It also whitethorn be applied during regular or irregular cycles throughout a womans life while polish off contraceptives. While NFP helps women feel more in tune with their bodies, together couples may feel more respected and not take for granted the purpose of intercourse when planning a family (Peterson). This way a woman leave behind not feel solely responsible because NFP is a shared responsibility and lifestyle. Not precisely is natural family planning as effective as artificial contraception, but also is also less harmful to our environment compared to artificial contraceptives.The key of NFP is it is natural, therefore it does not contaminate ones body or the surroundings since it has an absence of chemicals. Micheal Martin-Loeches, a medical researcher in the European Journal of contraceptive method & Reproduction Heath Care, determined that a good awareness of natural family planning increased womens sexual desire compared to the common level of sexual desire of women. Along with health benefits, natural family planning is an exceptional option for those who cannot afford forms of birth defend or having a larger family to provide for. The change magnitude population is a hitch with the importance of natural family planning and awareness of fertility because High-fertility still persists in much of the developing world, ensuring that population growth will continue. In 2006, average family size among the 4 billion people living in less developed countries outside of China was estimated at 3.4 children, with an annual population growth rate of 1.8% (Population Reference Bureau, 2007b). At this rate, the population of t hese countries would double in just 39 years. Even taking projected declines in fertility in these regions into account, the number of peopleliving in less developed countries outside China is projected to increase by more than 60% by 2050, from 4 billion today to more than 6.5 billion (Speidel, Weiss, Ethelston, & Gilbert, 2007).To make the world aware of the natural family planning method, the world population growth rate may steadily regulate over time. Fortunately, the NFP technique is inexpensive and when it is learned it can be used for the entirety of womens reproductive lifetime with minimal additional cost. A natural family planning couples class and a few minor materials may be purchased at the most to have the most efficient outcome. Those who choose to use this natural method do not generally experience moral issues since NFP is widely accepted by most faiths and cultures. This method also correlates to an increase in a relationships trust and intimacy when completed th oroughly (NHS). Nevertheless, everyone does not support the NFP method therefore, they have contrasting passels and ideas for pregnancy prevention. When the opposing view is depicted a main point that is brought to attention is that it may be difficult to continue the commitment for each partner to follow the fertility archives pattern. The menstrual cycles must be examined multiple times before one can become absolutely confident of pinpointing a females fertile time (NHS).Continuing the counterargument, factors such as stress, illness, lifestyle and use of hormonal interferences disrupt ones fertility signs so they become hard to follow. Also during the fertile time of a couple must withdraw from sex or use another method of contraception, as a fertile time period may last up to 16 days. Those who decide to abstain from sex seem to commonly experience relationship problems (NHS). Those who are not pleased by or successful with NFP look for immediate alternatives with out always doing necessary research. Contraceptives, like the pill or condoms, may be passing effective in preventing pregnancy as well, but they come with altered and varied advantages and disadvantages depending on its form. When taken as directed, the oral birth control is 99% effective and reaps many additional benefits. A menstrual flow is lighter, less cramping, decreases the risk of developing uterus or ovarian cancer, and conditions including the following anemia, breast-related disease, endometriosis and ovarian cysts (Hampton). The oral contraceptives do not physically interfere whatsoever with the foreplay or intercourse while performing any sexual activities, as condoms may interfere in this manner.Others opposing to NFP merely look into the positive effects of contraceptives hence, they may not think about how the oral birth control has a lack of apology for sexually transmitted diseases and creates the possibility or missing a pill and upbringing extra side effects. Oral birth control should not be taken when women are young, with a history of blood clots, cardiovascular disease, and frequent smokers. There is also an increased chance of women to experience high blood pressure, heart disease, and strokes (Hampton). According to a study from the Washington University in St. Louis of Medicine, 86% of subjects knew that the annual risk of pregnancy is less than 10% if no contraception is used. More than 45% of women overestimate the effectiveness of pills, the patch, the ring, and condoms. Among women who use reversible contraception, most choose less-effective methods such as condoms at 26% and oral contraceptive pills at 45%. Reliance on less-effective methods contributes to the fact that nearly one-half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended (Eisenberg et al.).Along with the possible failure of protection and less awareness of possible pregnancies, contraception can alter hormonal and estrogen levels. This study found in the European Jour nal of Contraception & fruitful Health Care states, a decrease in sexual desire was observed in relation to an average or poor relationship with the partner, coincide with the aforementioned authors conclusions regarding the psychological influences and level of sex education in the decrease of sexual desire in users of contraceptive methods (Martin-Loeches et al.). Further studies by Wynne Parry, a cured writer from Live Science Research, indicate contraceptives can also damage the environment by filling water with hormones hormonal contraceptives increase the levels of certain hormones in women to prevent pregnancy. The hormones traces can be found in the devastate dispersed from women who use contraceptives such as the pill, patches, and vaginal rings. Consequently, the problem is causing water treatment plants to be upgraded, which stintingally makes the government sacrifice the peoples money.This dilemma has been observed to de-masculinize those who ingest it regularly, whi ch animals are extremely sensitive to consuming added hormones. It is tremendously vital the amount of waste generated from contraceptives packaging as well. In retrospective, following the natural family planning method is one alternative to pregnancy prevention that willnot hurt our environment. to each one step towards cutting down on waste and decreasing our environmental carbon footprint can be beneficial and leads to prosperous and healthier ecosystem. The non-homogeneous forms of contraceptives may have shown success and brought about numerous benefits, but natural family planning succeeds best in pregnancy prevention due to its advantages in the health, environmental, economic and other features. With the worlds population grasping the importance of keeping sexual activity to a natural intimate experience, this allows a couple to work together to space out their children in a way that is both morally and ecologically acceptable. Further studies have and will continue to ma ke NFP a valuable contribution to the sexual health of our people.

Van Sant’s ‘Death’ Trilogy: Gerry, Elephant and Last Days

Gus avant-garde Sants three bucks, Gerry, Elephant and decease Days, argon, in essence, a trilogy, linked by their common structures, compositions, and re reconcileations of stopping point. In this paper, I will analyze these similarities and discuss the preaching of each bourgeons central solvent.Van Sants early career showed a unique experimentation with story structure and plot devices. In scuds like My Own offstage Idaho, Drugstore Cow boy and To Die For, he displayed a freedom of narrative, creating esoteric, poetic pieces that challenged and often bewildered viewers. His career then became lots conventional, and he hit slenderly of a lame lowpoint with the film Finding Forrester, a sappy story more or less a young black teenager whose writing gifts are selflessly recognized by an aging author played by Sean Connery.His near film, however, was completely different than eachthing he had directed. It starred Matt Damon and Casey Affleck, who, along with van Sant, w ould normally create box office demand with their get going. Yet the film was not widely released or widely actualisen. It was aboutly dismissed as an indulgent data-based piece, something created by Hollywood artists bored with their usual work and with easy access to too much funding.Van Sant take aftered this with a film that premiered at Sundance and, surprisingly, took the top prize. It purported to be a representation of the Columbine killings, even though Columbine was neer menti wholenessd, and several liberties were brazenly taken with facts that most people were intimately familiar with. It feature no professional actors really, the geniuss were all essentially playing themselves, even using their real names and shooting in their actual give lessons. The film was much more widely seen, and the unique treatment of time and plot proved to be very similar to his previous work.His most recent film, officially titled Gus van Sants Last Days, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival and judgeed to vaguely recreate the death of Kurt Cobain. The thematic elements and structure were by now easily recognizable. The films first reviews were harsh, and ultimately, critics come outed to warm to it, and it was widely praised for its bravery and patience.Van Sant refers to them as a moderns story trilogy, in that they are all based on real events. Gerry is about twain guys who get lost in the cast off, and ane of them ultimately kills the other one. Even if were unfamiliar with the event, we can picture the sensational headline, probably eviscerateing the event as horrific and the murderer as an animal. Van Sants portrayal of the event, from the characters losing their way to the actual murder, reveals his intent to fully live with himself in the event and depict how such(prenominal)(prenominal) an act could come in. When we witness the murder, it appears natural and even compassionate. The circumstances under which the characters are behaving are unusual and extreme, but their intentions and humanity are always recognizable.The next two films are events with which the culture is very familiar. Almost everyone who sees them has a strongly formed emotional impression of the stories. The Columbine massacre and the suicide of Kurt Cobain are two of the most omnipresent cultural events for this generation of Americans, and van Sant chooses to take them on. His intentions are similar to those of his first film in the series he wants to discover, through the bring of filmmaking, how such acts could occur.It is unclear as to whether van Sant intended to create a trilogy, but these films are unmistakably similar in several different ways, including their shooting and falsify style, their themes, and their act to depict a found story.Common StyleCinematographer Harry Savides injectant the trilogy, and his style remains consistent it can dress hat be described as meditative. Most of the elements and techniques were certain in th e process of making Gerry. The shooting period lasted twenty-one days. There were lots of problems during the shoot, and the scenes were always aforethought(ip) and executed on set, in collaboration with the actors, and with very little adherence to a shooting script or written dialogue. During this process, van Sant and Savides developed what would drop dead a signature style for them. They composed very long tracking shots of the characters only if offering through the desert. Some shots were close-ups of their tones as they trudged, always with a clear purpose and determination. Others were long shots of their tiny bodies over against the hugeness of the landscape. The most famous shot is the two of them barely lamentable, close to death, silhouetted against the sunset, still moving slowly towards nothing.Another element they developed is a lack of adherence to every definite disposition of time or chronology. The films are edited haphazardly, with several scenes repeate d at different points in each film from different perspectives. In Gerry, the two men never find water, yet the sun rises and sets at least eight times during the movie, in very different settings. In Elephant, one hallway encounter between two characters, with another character running by, is seen three times from each characters perspective, and continually serves as a warning that the killers are about to enter the school. There is no attempt to operate by any logical standards of time or character arc. The focus here is on a creation of atmosphere.The flexible chronology and the long static shots create a strong sense of freedom for the actors to immerse themselves in their characters. In each movie, and especially in Gerry and Last Days, the characters operate in a trance-like state, moving through the world of the film with no attempt to relay an emotion or communicate to anyone in any way. They hardly are, and we watch them as voyeurs, humping in each case that they are mov ing slowly towards death. The process of close collaboration with the actors is similar for each film as well. The actors are very much a part of the development of the story and their own characters. This trust in the actors to create their own worlds adds a unique element to the trilogy.Common ThemeThe central theme of the three films is young death. The first death is a compassionate murder the second deaths are emotionally empty executions the last is a slow blow away. They all seem tragic because of the age of the victims and the somewhat easily avoidable circumstances under which the deaths occur.The deaths are also empty of crescendo. There is no sense of narrative plosive speech sound in the deaths of the central characters, or an attempt to draw moral or dramatic conclusions from the deaths. This treatment of death is similar to the films analyzed by Catherine Russell in her work Narrative Mortality Death, Closure and New Wave Cinemas. She notes that conventional cinemati c narratives codified the need for meaning as a desire for meaningful death, and the desire for ending was formalized as a desire for death. 1 She claims that new wave films consistently split death from closure, and prevent meaning and ending from suit neatly together. These films waste no plot or story they end abruptly, with no attempt at coherent explanations. Their focus is on the world of the characters as they hypnotically and obliviously move towards their death.Common Intentions A Found StoryThis refusal to exploit the deaths of the central characters for emotional or dramatic effect noblelights van Sants focus on creating realist cinema. He strives to present each scene as naturally as possible, with no cinematic affectations or even unnecessary camera movements. They wanted no moves. He and Savides manufacture it clear that their intention is to recreate reality on screen.Realist theorist Siegfried Kracauer defines a found story as one that emerges from the filmmakin g. 2 This description aptly describes van Sants triptych the process clearly defines the product. An example of this comes from the production of Last Days. Van Sant was in the costume designers office when a Yellow Pages salesman entered and delivered his pitch. The director envisioned the affect this would drive on his drugged-out, detached lead character and threw the two worlds together.The effect was brilliant in that it intensely extravagantlylighted the two different worlds that these characters inhabited. It also reveals van Sants attempts to infuse his films with as much realism as possible, down to the actors who portray the characters. In fact, the actors are usually playing themselves. In Elephant, each character uses their real name and moves around their actual high school, interacting with their actual friends. The scenes are meticulously composed, but the dialogue and relationships, the individual moments, are mostly improvised, providing the audience with a strong sense of voyeurism and recognizable interactions.The affectations occur during editing. The sound design and aforementioned obscure chronology are the clues as to how we interpret the reality that they present. In Elephant, a character that most recognize as the eventual killer walks through the cafeteria drawing up his plan. He stops and we hear the sound slowly rise and overwhelm the boy, implying his special mode of reality.3In Last Days, a somewhat bizarre element is employed in one of the final scenes. Blake, the Cobain surrogate, is lying in his garden house, close to death. Suddenly, his spirit emerges from his rude(a) body as an apparition and hovers beside him. This mystical element meshes with the hypnotic, often spiritual mood of the film. At first glance, it seems to stand in stark contrast to the overbearing realism of the rest of the film. However, the scene effectively illustrates the characters state, and in this sense, remains consistent with the productions inte ntions.These common elements all serve the common event in each film the eventual deaths of the major characters.GerryGerry depicts two characters, both ostensibly named Gerry, wandering through the desert looking at for the thing. They see tourists with lame visors taking one path, and they subside to take another. They lose their way and spend the film attempting to survive.Each interaction between the characters is infused with purpose and a wry humor. They always have a new plan and never lose their forward-thinking state of mind. They resist despair and anger and seem always to assume that they will make it out ok.The majority of the ninety-minute film consists of the characters moving through the desert, searching always for the way home. There is maybe fifteen minutes of dialogue and, except for the tourists, no other characters. We see them simply walking, moving together, sometimes in what seems to be a competitive state, and other times alone, separately climbing differe nt peaks to get a better view. The desert scenery is beautifully composed, and there are fewer shots less than a few minutes long.The characters are resisting death. They are slowly succumbing to the elements, fighting thirst and fatigue, never wanting to appear weak to the other. They always keep moving.Once, when they have stopped to rest, one of them comes to the other, tired but satisfied. He says, simply, I found the car. I have water. I bang the way out. He is convinced of the truth of this claim, and is extremely disheartened when, after(prenominal) a few minutes of forceful persuasion, he realizes it is an illusion.Eventually, after moving around for what could be days, they lie down, exhausted and in a trance. One is clearly stronger than the other and is capable of continuing one is finished. They lie next to each other, staring at the sky. Suddenly, the strong one moves on top of the weak one, wrestling him, literally shaking the life out of him. He stabs him and he bl eeds, giving in quickly to the loss of consciousness. No emotion is displayed, and the event seems natural and pure. The act is clearly one of compassion for the pain of the weak one, a hastening of the inevitable and a cessation of the pain and agony and waiting. It is an act of euthanasia. However, it is also an act of survival the strong one is now free to move again and attempt to survive on his own, which he eventually does, seeing the highway before him shortly after the murder.There is no lesson in the death, or any sense of closure. It is simply an act, and it bleeds into the reality of the rest of the film, having no special significance. It comes and passes in the same manner as the rest of the journey. It is a violent act, somewhat selfish, and it occurs in the vague context of an allegorical journey.The film is about being lost and eventually succumbing. However, there is never a sense of panic from the characters, or a sense that they have lost control or even hope. The re is an acceptance at one point, when they lie down, and some timid shedding of crying from the weaker Gerry. But the characters admirably remain focused on survival and getting out, on proving their strength against the elements and their own thirst and exhaustion. The stronger characters devotion to this elusive hope eventually saves him, and he finds his way, leaving behind a friend who, all elements aside, he had murdered.He rides away in a car, still in a trance, looking back at the desert. The film is beautiful, and it is essentially a meditation on the struggle to survive.ElephantElephant is a montage of different students at a public high school. Because the audience knows it is about the Columbine murders, the outcome is a given. Each victim is introduced with a title card, and we see them in their world, interacting with their friends, with no exposition or context. We know what high school is, and we understand and recognize the basis of the conversations and relationshi ps. Scenes and characters intertwine as new characters are introduced and followed.Various social issues are broached in the context of the characters lives, issues that have all been mentioned in the context of the killings as an attempt at explanation or blame. The first shot is a weaving car, casually sideswiping a position car and almost hitting a biker. It creates a reckless and irresponsible tone, depicting apathy towards life and danger. We see that it is a drunken father tearaway(a) his son to school, and the son demands that his father pull over and let him drive. He is not angry, just exasperated, and the issue of parental carelessness and forced responsibility of the peasant is depicted. We see the boy being disciplined by the principal and feel pity for him and his circumstances.We are introduced to three popular girls as they flirt with a boy and then eat lunch. They enter the bathroom, awkwardly discuss their body issues, and casually, simultaneously, vomit.The kill ers are at home, receiving weapons in the mail, which they have ordered over the internet, and practicing with them in the garage. The faint, geeky one, earlier seen plectrum spitballs out of his hair and plotting in the cafeteria, is playing Beethoven, slyly invoking A Clockwork Orange. The blond, outgoing one, who slyly invokes Eminem, enters his room and plays a generic video game, playing a character wandering through a vast white empty landscape shooting men in suits in the back as they slowly and obliviously walk towards the horizon. Video game violence is thus invoked as a factor. Later, as they prepare to enter the school for the massacre, the blond one enters the shower with the shy one and says, Ive never even kissed anyone, have you?, and they embrace. Another element, repressed homosexuality and a sense of separation, is introduced.These issues are peripheral to the mood of the film. It is amazingly ominous. We see the killers entering the school with their arsenal ve ry early in the film, and are repeatedly reminded of their entrance as other characters pass through the same time period. We never know when the first shots will occur. We know from the news that the library and the cafeteria were the scenes of the massacre, and we repeatedly hover there, ceremony characters, picturing the chaos about to occur. It is visceral and exciting, and sickening and bizarre. Van Sant, without affectation, makes us fall in love with some of the characters, simply from the purity of their interactions and their lives.He highlights their beauty, and exposes their talents and quirks. Even the killers are presented almost sympathetically, or at least without any attempt to vilify them. We observe their normal lives, at breakfast with their family, practicing the piano and playing games, and their relationship is almost pleasant to watch. We see their psychosis, however, and realize very soon that they are capable of total detachment and extreme violence in reta liation for a vague sense of being underappreciated and emotionally tortured.The killings finally begin, a few scenes after we hear the machine gun being cocked in the library. The geeky girl with the long pants in gym class arrives late for her job in the library, and as she speaks to the boys with their arsenal, they splatter her blood against the books. They turn and randomly shoot into the crowd of scurrying students. The killings are not gruesome or ugly they are unsophisticated and easy. We meditate on the killers callousness and the painful pointlessness of the act, rather than recoil at the blood and shock of the shootings. We also never see a terrified face or hear a shrill scream the deaths, as in Gerry, blend with the everyday we have adjusted to seeing. The world does not change because of the acts that occur.The ending is extremely abrupt the killers meet in the cafeteria, and as the blond brags about his kills, he is ruthlessly shot in the head by the shy one. He is speaking, we hear a shot and see blood, and he falls out of frame. At first, we are not sure if he was shot by another student or a sniper, but when we see the shy one, in the same long shot, moving towards the freezer looking for more victims, we realize. The film ends as he finds a popular couple whom we know and he obviously despises, and tortures them happily, pointing the machine gun at them and reciting eenie meenie miney mo.The film takes place in a single morning, in the span of a few hours. The characters we meet have no thoughts of their fate, wandering through their lives as death approaches in a pub with a devil hanging from the windshield. Van Sant chooses an extremely familiar event and gets inside what might have happened. What he manages to create is a total sense of normalcy in the high school. There is no sentimentality in this film, this depiction of an event that is so loaded with emotion and sentiment and anger and hap and blame in our culture.He strips it dow n and rips away all the sensation, and reveals easy to know people in an easy to know situation about to face something horrific and familiar to us all. His intentions and approach are similar to that of the film United 93, about the September 11th plane that crashed in Pennsylvania. We all know the details, we have all felt the sentiment, but the film attempts to forget all that and show real characters in a real situation, without any sentimental pretensions. It tries to depict how such an event really looked. In Elephants case, this is done in service of a meditation on the casualness of violent death.Last DaysLast Days depicts the deterioration of a rock star, based on the suicide of Kurt Cobain. The first shots are of Blake walking through the woods, urinating in a pond, vomiting, and singing folk on the Range by a fire and a tent. He returns to his house and wanders ghost-like through the halls and rooms, avoiding contact with any of the stragglers in the house, cooking macar oni and cheese and watching a Boyz II Men video. We see the state of his life intimately, and his world becomes recognizable. He is out of it and detached, and has no desire to connect with anyone. He carries around an ominous shotgun in several scenes, and at one point, he mimics shooting two of his friends as they lie in bed. He is in a trance. He literally hovers in some scenes, slowly, slowly, collapsing to the ground and resting, comatose, against the door, falling violently when it is opened and a straggler checks for his pulse.No one in this film wants anything. No one, especially Blake, has any sense of purpose. This is the weakness of the film from a cinematic standpoint. Gerry and Elephant remain fascinating in large part because of the strength of their characters intentions and purpose. In this world, no one feels anything. The peripheral characters might have intentions relating to a vague sense of hedonism or greed, but that is not near enough to drive the film. This i s about a wasting away, a slow, drawn out surrender to death, a suicide. The wallpaper is crumbling, the house is falling apart, no connections are made, and we are witness to a man who is on the whole numb to the world. It again features the long, static shots of seemingly nothing, zooming in on the television, holding on Blakes lifeless body on the floor.There is a beautiful shot of Blake experimenting with sounds in his studio. The camera slowly moves backward, and we watch for an extremely long time as he moves around the room, haphazardly enjoying himself with his instruments, seemingly at peace,In the end, we see him cowering in the garden room, watching characters come and go, completely alone, and ready for an ending. This is a meditation on decay.DeathThese films very effectively reveal worlds that simply are. The characters we follow slowly approach their death, one at the hands of his friend, others at the hands of gun-toting teenage psychos, the last, presumably, by his own hand. But, in fitting with the tone of the trilogy, death simply is. It happens just as casually as the taking of a photograph or the preparation of macaroni and cheese. When it happens, nothing is done to signify or indicate any sense of change or profundity. The realism of the films is, to me, something almost euphoric. There is a real beauty in the interactions between the characters, in how recognizable their worlds are, and because of this, the audience receives a gift there is a chance at a profound understanding of the nature of what happens to them.

Delivering a Persuasive Speech

Delivering a Persuasive Speech Douglas A. Parker August 13, 2001 Amazon Products Subject(s) Language Arts/ breeding and Public Speaking Links of Note pic Overview Students need to understand that how they severalize something and how they physically present Persuasive Essay Topicsform themselves ar just as important as what they say.By understanding the dynamics involved in effective Curious Castle Classroom. persuasive speaking, students will improve their overall confidence in communicating. Purpose The purpose of this lesson is to improve students oral persuasion techniques by understanding Writing the Persuasive the abstract speaking skills.The lesson is presented in stake person, making it much meaningful as a EssayCurious Castle resource for the students, and easier for the teacher to manipulation as a handout. Classroom Objectives Students will be able-bodied to 1) Demonstrate the appropriate classroom public speaking and listening skills (e. . , body language, pic articulation, listening to be able to identify specific examples of the speakers coordination of talking pic and action) that would be necessary to influence or revision some unitys thinker or way of thinking rough a topic. 2) Define the elements of persuasion. 3) Recognize the elements of personal credibility. 4) Develop methods to analyze other students legal transferes. 5) Understand outlining master(prenominal) ideas. 6) Create a persuasive speech. Resources/MaterialsTeacher-prep bed topics for persuasive speeches. Assessments The Class will assess each speakers performance in foothold of voice and body coordination, and in terms of persuasiveness.Each class can develop performance assessments such as rubrics to facilitate this process. Teachers Anticipatory Set During class discussion, define and explain how people make decisions base on what they see and hear. Explain that sometimes we have t o use skills to convince others about our positions. Have the students recall and list their own experiences trying to convince their friends about something, and then ask them to sh ar these with the class. Activities and Procedures Delivering a Persuasive Speech The Procedure Pick a proposition that not everyone would agree with such as thermonuclear power plants are superior energy sources. Write a 6 to 8 minute speech in outline form to persuade the free radical. The LessonYour section and Body are Your Best Tools You are a natural persuader You have done it all your life.Every time you enter a conversation, you engage in elementary persuasion techniques. It is true, that any time you make a statement of fact, you are asserting its validity and assuming that your listener agrees. This speech goes further than a normal conversational assertion now you have to assume that not everyone will agree with you from the sta rt, and it is your job to make them see things your way.The goal of this speech is to change someones mind or way of thinking about a topic. This is not a speech to sell, as you do not ask that the listener do anything except to agree with you or to begin to listen to your way of thinking. Your message is, of course, very important in this speech, nevertheless your voice and body language are even more important. Here you will see how your delivery can help. There are some(prenominal) important aspects of presentation to keep in mind 1)Body language make sure that you have a proper posture. If your shoulders are sagging and your legs are crossed, you will not appear as being sincere and people just will not accept your message. 2)Articulation articulation means how your total vocal process works. There are several steps to this entire process.First, you need air from the lungs, your vocal cords in your larynx mustiness be working, your mout h and tongue must be in sync, and you have to make sure that you have got some saliva in your mouth to keep things oiled. You should be aware of your physical makeup to be able to understand how you speak. 3)Pronunciation pronounce each word. Avoid slang, except to make a point, and do not slur your oral communication. Avoid saying, you know. 4)Pitch pitch refers to the highs and lows of your voice. whatsoever you do, avoid a monotone 5)Speed your speed, or pace, is an important variable to control. Between 140-160 words per minute is the normal pace for a persuasive speech. whatever faster and you may appear to be glib any slower and you sound like you are lecturing.If you are not sure about your speed, register yourself for one minute and then replay it and count the number of words you used in the minute The human ear and brain can take in and decode over 400 spoken words per minute, so if you are going too slow your listeners minds are go ing to start to wander as the brains finds other ways to keep themselves occupied. 6)Pauses the pause, or caesura, is a critical persuasive tool. When you want to emphasize a certain word, just pause for one second before this highlights the word.If you really want to punch it, pause before and after the word 7)Volume volume is another good tool for persuasive speech, but you should use it with caution. If you scream all the way through your speech, people will become accustomed to it and it will lose its effectiveness. On the other hand, a few well-timed shouts can liven up the old speech Try to project or throw your voice out over the entire convention speak to the last row. 8)Quality quality of voice is gauged by the overall impact that your voice has on your listeners. Quality of voice is the net caliber of your voice, its record and attributes. Try to keep your vocal quality high it is what separates your voice from everyone elses. 9)Variance variance of vocal elements is your most(prenominal) important consideration of all One of the most persuasive speakers in modern history was Winston Churchill.One of his most remarkable qualities was his ability to vary the elements of his voice. He would start with a slow, laconic voice and then hold gears to a more rapid pace. People were light-headed after listening to him Even if you have no desire to run for political office, you can button up use the tools of variance. Change your pitch, volume, and speed at least once every 30 seconds, if only for just one word. Never go more than one paragraph without a vocal variance.This keeps your group locked into your speech, if for no other reason than it sounds interesting Let the words speak for themselves reflect their nature through your voice. If you use the word strangle, say it with a hint of menace in your voice. If you say the word heave, let the group find out the onomatop oeic force behind it. If you say the word bulldozer, make it sound like a titan earthmover, not like a baby with a shovel. The Strategy Appear Rational When you are trying to convince someone of something, you must first establish your credibility, or in other words, you must sell yourself before you sell your message. If people feel that you are not being reasonable or rational, you do not stand a chance. You must be committed to the ideals and goals of your speech and what you are saying. Do not use words such as maybe or might- use positive words such as will and must. You are the authority figure in this speech, so you had better supply enough information to prove your points so that you can seem knowledgeable, and you had better know your real cold. People can usually spot someone who is trying to wing a speech. You should also appear to be truthful -even when you are really stretchability a point. If you do not appear to be earnes t, even if your message is the 100% truth, people will doubt your word and tune out your speech. Lastly, do not be afraid to show a little emotion this is not a sterile or static speech. Your body and voice must match the tone of your words. If your language is strong, you must present a physical force to go along with your delivery. The Comments and Goals Self-control? You cannot sit back and let your words do all of the talking.You must use your total self to deliver your message, and this means that you will have to expose a little of your personality to the group. Your group will be inciteive. The Group Reaction The group has two major criteria to consider after each members speech. First, the delivery. Were the speakers body, words, and actions in synchronization and harmony? Did one support the other or was there tension between the body and the voice?Secondly, were you persuaded? Why or why not? Discuss what makes a persua sive speech work and how the intangibles effect a positive outcome. More Information? For more information and help with public speaking, contact http//capital. net/bps2/

Miranda V. Arizona

Court Brief Miranda v. Arizona Citation Miranda? v. landed estate of Arizona Westover v. United States Vignera v. State of New York State of California v. Stewart, Supreme Court of the United States, 1966. Issue Whether the government is required to notify the arrested defendants of their Fifth Amendment constitutional ripe(p)s against self-incrimination before they interrogate the defendants. residuum Sought Miranda was violated the 5th Amendments repair to cover silent and his 6th Amendment right to legal counsel.Arizona ignored both the Escobedo rule that states every(prenominal) evidence obtained from an illegitimately obtained confession is inadmissible in court and the? Gideon? rule that states that all felony defendants have the right to an attorney while prosecuting Miranda. His confession was illegally obtained and should be thrown out. His prison term was false, and he deserved a wise trial. Facts In March 1963 Ernesto Miranda, 23, was arrested in his home, taken t o the police station for being acc rehearsed in a sexual assult fortune.Once identified by the victim he was taken into an interrogation room where he was to give his confession but Miranda was not told of his rights to counsel prior to questioning. He did though, sign a typed disclaimer that stated he had full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me, and that he had knowingly waived those rights. Two weeks later at a preliminary hearing, Miranda again was denied counsel. At his trial he did have a lawyer, whose objections to the use of Mirandas signed confession as evidence were overruled.Finding (Holding) of the Court ? This case held that government authorities need to inform individuals of their Fifth Amendment constitutional rights prior to an interrogation interest an arrest. Reasoning The Court held that prosecutors could not use statements from secure interrogation of defendants unless they demonstrated the use of routine de fenses. The Court noted that the modern practice of in-custody interrogation is psychologically rather than physically oriented and that the blood of the accused is not the only hallmark of an unconstitutional inquisition. The Court specifically outlined the importance of police warnings to suspects, including warnings of the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during interrogations. Dissenting Opinions Justice Tom Clark argued that the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution would consent to interrogations. There is not enough evidence to demonstrate a need to apply a new rule as the majority finds here. The second stand written by Justice John Harlan also argues that the Due Process Clauses should apply. J.Harlan further argues that the Fifth Amendment rule against self-incrimination was never intended to forbid any and all pressures against self-incrimination. Justice Byron White argued that there is no histori cal support for broadening the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution to include the rights that the majority extends in their decision. The majority is making new law with their holding. Legal Terms self- incrimination-the? act? of? incriminating? oneself? or? exposing? oneself? to? prosecution, especially? by? giving? evidence? or? testimony Interrogation- to? ask? questions? of? (a? erson),? sometimes? to? look? answersor? information? that? the? person? questioned? considers? personalor? secret. Implications Miranda v. Arizona established the importance of informing defendants of their legal rights before they are arrested in order to ensure due process.? The? Miranda vs. Arizona? case was significant because it established that many Americans did/do not know their rights granted to them by the Bill of Rights, especially those pertaining to police investigation and trial, and that when arrested people have the right to be informed of these very significant rights.?The Court decide d a confession is? involuntary? unless the person is clearly informed of his or her right to remain silent, to have an attorney present during questioning, and have an attorney provided free if he cant afford one. Miranda didnt have a lawyer present when questioned and wasnt aware this was an option therefore, his confession was excluded from evidence and the conviction was overturned.?

How I Will Save the Planet Essay

The problem of relieve the planet is nowadays really urgent. Global warming, pollution of the great oceans these things are undoubtedly influencing or lives and strength erase us, human beings, from the surface of the earth. Totally. And very soon. Mother Nature set up non stand or our behavior anymore and now it is time for us to think virtually our time to come. All the processes which perk up been launched already of course can non be reversed or horizontal stooped, but we can and we must slow them d let in frame to spend a few more decades here, on the planet Earth.The problem is notwithstanding the majority is not enough to present the planet, only all together we can save ourselves. Yes, exactly ourselves but not the planet, beca commit as George Carlin, a popular American comic says the planet is fine It is more than 4,5 billiard years old and it would be strange if it might be destroyed by us, who appeared only slightly sixty thousand years ago. It is more lik ely that the planet impart get rid of us and after a thousand or maybe a million years of tranquil rehabilitation, nearly new forms of life allow for appear.And the process as we can notice is going forward at a steady gait last winter was extremely cold, and the summer was so hot that forests were al angiotensin converting enzyme burning out and harvests were negligibly teensy. And what is going to happen this winter? Will it be warm and snowless, or it result be minus sixty in the street and we will not be able even to go and by some bread? And next summer? It may be quite dominion for our climatical zone and may be far more outstanding than previous one.The most grievous fact is that weather patterns are becoming more and more unpredictable which endangers our existence here and that is enough for the preamble, now I am going to speak about what I will do to at least postpone the global catastrophe. First of all, let us think about the very phrase to save the planet. O f course, it does notconcern that you will invent time machine and go back to the knightly and kill the inventors of internal-combustion engine, oil extraction and aerosol.It also does not mean that you must join the Greenpeace Organization and spotter in the streets with high-sounding banners in your hands. There are lots of tiny things, which compose the whole depicting of ecology today and you can improve this picture by changing your lifestyle a little. I, for example, will never spoil much weewee while washing the dishes Ill go to the local workshop and get a plug for about one USD and it will make the water more clear, because small amounts of water are easier and cheaper to filtrate.Taking a shower I will switch it off when I am soaping myself I really do not need it I will go by foot instead of taking a bus or taxi, in cases when Im not in a hurry. Actually I do need a car, but I will use ecologically friendly patrol as, for example, Pulsar fuel, which obeys EURO-4 e cological standard, instead of using ecologically hostile patrol. And if I have the money, I will by a hybrid car rattling what is bad about half an engine being electronic? I think it is very good Unfortunately, I smoke.And I imagine how damaging it is both for my health and for the surrounding environment not only cigarettes disperse hundreds of harmful gases and matters to the atmosphere, but also lighters emit gas and, being made of plastic, are also very straining to recycle. So I will soon try the new technology of electronic cigarettes each of them can be used many times, they do not contain tars and other harmful matters and their smoke is actually a water steam, which doesnt harm both your organism and the atmosphere.Actually, I can say that even now I am thriftiness the planet maybe I do one thousandth part of what I must do, but it is already better than nothing All light bulbs in my house are energy saving. I also do not take plastic bags in supermarkets I alwa ys carry everything in my bag. My mp3 player is accumulator-operated, so I do not use and throw out hundreds of batteries every year. I wash all my clothes only in the washing machine once a month, so I do not spoil much water on washing. I use roll-on deodorants instead of spraying ones It is my tiny contribution into the protection of the ozone layer.I like cotton clothes, and do not often by synthetic things maybe I do it for my own reasons, but it is in any case better than making Mother Nature recycle one T-shirt for hundreds of years I also always buy drinks in glass bottles, which can be used several times or aluminum cans and tetra-packs which are both easy to recycle. We also have an electric stove plate which is far more ecological than gas cooker. Unfortunately, saving the planet is idle at the present point in time. We too long have been spoiling it and it is very appalling to realize that in a couple of years we are going to be erasedby severe climatic apocalypse.A nd its really inevitable for everyone to understand it and try to stop this parasitizing in order to secure our future, and the future of our children. Simple, and at first sight, insignificant things have brought us to the great crisis, and the same simple things may save us. Is not it easy to plug your sink while washing the dishes or to use energy saving bulbs, energy saving fuel and washing machines? It is. Is there so much economy in purchasing plastic bottles, which need hundreds of years to decompose? No, there is not. So I willdo everything I can to save the planet And how about you?

Solar Heated Grill

Solar Heated Grill ABSTRACT This select aimed to find out if an old fit out shockand a thick tin foil can be converted to amore useful writing of cooking equipment. The feasibility of reflective solar heated grillthat is built from a unlife similar box, tin foil, andposterboard as an alternative cookingequipmentwas studiedin thisresearch project. The composition board boxwas cut upandshaped. the tin foil is settled in the middle making it looks exchangeable a slide. we go distant inthe heat of the sun. thebarbeque sticks were placed in thespot where reflection of thesunlight focuseson the hotdog . just like areal skewerthe hotdog were cooked therefor minutes. asted it. and voila. real hotdogs on stickjust like mom used to cook. General Objective This study thru physics aims to find out if an old shoe carton box can be useful to makean alternative cooking machine. Materials/Equipment 1. Two pieces of heavy cardboard (like the sideof a cardboard carton). The first piecemust be at least ten inches squareand the second little piece must beat least four inches by five inches. 2. A piece of light posterboard eight inches wideand sixteen inches long. 3. Twelve-inch wide atomic number 13 foil. (You will use close to 32 inches of thematerial. ) 4. Some masking videotape. You may experiment with other types of tape. ) 5. Nine inch long sticks nigh 1/16 inch in diameter. You may also use lengths of heavywire. Procedure Select a long narrow box the longer thebox the more heatcollection is possible. Choose a focal length between 5 and 10and design a parabolic curve as seenin the picture. One template could beused for all the cookers. Trace the curve onthe open end of thebox so that it is centered and straight2. Cut out the curve with a utility knife. Stress the importance of organism exact. Measure and cut a piece of posterboard that will fix flush against the opening tothe box.Attach this with tape beginning at the center and working toward toedges. Cover the curve with white glue and applyaluminum foil shiny side out. Start inthe middle and smooth toward the edges. Try not to wrinkle or fold the foil youwant it as smooth as possible Use two scraps of cardboard taped to each side as supports. Using the sun or aprojector light, test the focal point. at that place should be abright spot where light isconcentrated mark this spot and puncha repair for the skewer. Use a sectionof acoat hanger from which the paint hasbeen removed for a skewer

Disability and Rehabilitation: an Ethnography of the “Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed” in Bangladesh

WATER FOOD DIABETES AYURVEDA GENETICS POVERTY YOGA STDS HISTORY SEX rules of order FAMILY PLANNING CASTE GENDER RIOTS RELIGION HEALTH DEMOCRACY FLOODING WASTE-MANAGEMENT UNANI PSYCHOLOGY FOLK medicament AFFIRMATIVE ACTION GLOBALISATION BIOCHEMISTRY OLD AGE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MALARIA POLICY HIV aid WHO MEDICOSCAPES COLONIALISM PHARMACY RELIGION LEPROSY BOTOX DEHYDRATION NGOs AYUSH impairment and Rehabilitation An Ethnography of the Center for the Rehabilitation of the paralytical in Bangladesh by Farjina Malek Health and Society in S forthh Asia Series, no. edited by William Sax, Gabriele Alex and Constanze Weigl ISSN 2190-4294 Disability and Rehabilitation An Ethnography of the Center for the Rehabilitation of the paralyse in Bangladesh. Master Thesis in uncomplete fulfillment for the award of a Master of Arts degree in Health and Society in South Asia at Heidelberg University 26th February, 2010 Submitted by Farjina Malek Supervisors Dr. Gabriele Alex Prof. Dr. William S. Sax Name, prototypical name Malek, Farjina DECLARATION For submission to the psyc platefultric test CommitteeRegarding my Masters Thesis with the title Disability and Rehabilitation An Ethnography of the Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed in Bangladesh. I declare that 1) it is the result of independent investigation 2) it has non been currently nor previously submitted for whatever some a nonher(prenominal) degree, 3) I contrivent utilise opposite sources as the unitarys menti whizd in the bibliography. Where my relieve oneself is obligated(predicate) to the put to act of others, I require make acknowledgement. Heidelberg, 26. 02. 10 (Candidates signature) AcknowledgmentI would like to express my heartfelt g loaferitude to alone those who suspensored me to complete this thesis. I am pro inst every last(predicate)ly obliged to my supervisors Prof. Dr. William S. Sax and Dr. Gabriele Alex for their assistance and valuable suggestions. Also I would like to thank Constanze Weigl for percentage me from the beginning to the end of my thesis. I indispensableness to thank any the members of CRP for their logistical hold outs during my scene of actionwork. My deepest thanks would go to the forbearings and staff of one-one- fractional(prenominal) substance society at CRP particularly to Aminul, Lokman and Rakib Vai.My deepest appreciation to all my friends and classmates of Masters of Arts in Health and Society in South Asia (MAHASSA) especially to Gen. She edited my thesis proposal. For editing the hearty thesis, I would like to thank to my three friends name Mohi, Ratul and Munif. They did a wonderful locomote in by reading and correcting my grammars. I would as well as like to thank e very(prenominal) eubstance who was primary(prenominal) for this thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could non mention personally one by one. I am deeply indebted to my husband Labib for his continues support in my work.He is a g reat inspiration for my work. Table of Content a) solution b) Acknowledgement c) Table of contents &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212i-ii d) Abstract &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212-iii-iv 1. Chapter One admission 1. 0 presentation &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 1. 1 Research Objectives &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 1 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 2 1. writings review and the rationalization of the study &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 3-10 1. 4 Chapter jut out of the study &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 10-11 2. Chapter ii info Sources and sele ctive selective reading charm Methods 2. 0 Introduction &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 12 2. 1 My orbit &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 12-15 2. 2 Entering to the country &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 15 2. 3 entropy storeion technique &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 16-20 2. The confinement and the advantage of my field &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 20-21 2. 5 Sample size and eon frame &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 22 2. 6 Ethical statuss &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 22 2. 7 Conclusion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212& 8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 23 3. Chapter Three fooling Life in CRP Living with Disability 3. 0 Introduction &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 24 3. Expression of suffering &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 24-26 3. 2 Every sidereal day Recreation in CRP Entertainment and variation &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 26- 29 3. 3 Gender and Disability &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 30- 31 i 3. 4 Emotional Desire &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212- 31-32 3. 5 Conclusion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 32 4. Chapter Four Disability in the Half agency Hostel 4. 0 Introduction &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 33 4. The wish well giver at half(a) counseling order &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821233-34 4. 2 Disability in raillery and the encounters &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&821235- 36 4. 3 Expression of Pain and style to indicate the disabilities &8212&8212&8212&8212 36- 37 4. 4 Outing and Cultural Program the fashion modelal entertainment of CRP&8212&8212&8212 37- 38 4. 5 Occupational therapy and the occupation of the patients &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 38 4. 6 Conclusion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 38- 39 5.Conclusion Chapter Five Conclusion 5. 0 Discussion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 4 0-43 5. 1 Conclusion &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 43-44 Bibliography&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 45-48 ii Abstract In my research, I engaged in an ethnographic study at the Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP), Bangladesh, where the everyday life of the modify wad and their experiences of their maculation was my main focus.I evaluated their material and mental situation by the language used by the patients, their relatives and the healers and staff at CRP. hither language refers the representation of the physical delimit (what is the synonyms and antonyms they use to indicate disabilities), and the track that patients, relative and doctors unite hired manicap both officially and informally. My research question is what is the ethnical contour line of hindrance at half r epresentation youth youth hostel of CRP? CRP is a huge area to cover, I in that respectfore bewilder chosen one part of CRP and that is the Half Way Hostel.This is the patients pre-discharged hostel. As a info collection technique, I used participant observation. I got myself involved in their insouciant activities. I took part as well as discovered their daily life. In addition, I took interviews and daily notes. The thesis is divided up in five chapters the first chapters organises were to introduce the ancestry, research question and then discuss several(a) relevant literature. My argument is undividedly and every culture has its own appearance of watching check. One should not consider disablement from the familiar point of view.From this argument, my research question is, what is the cultural radiation pattern of deterioration at half musical mode hostel of CRP, Bangladesh? In the same chapter, I devote too discussed how impediment has been discussed in opposite snip and literature. The scrap chapter is based on the commentary of the field and the data collection methods. In this chapter, I expound my field mainly the physical infrastructure of CRP, I discussed the method I absorb used as well as the limitations and advantage of those methods and I discussed my field experiences.As a volunteer, I got an easy access to my field which was a plus point. On the other hand, for the same reason, my attestators al focussings kept a distance with me. It was a c student residenceenge for me to overcome the distance. The trey chapter has focused on contrasting counterbalancets in CRP. These events have worryn channelize at half track hostel in different conviction where the frolic, frustration, every day conflict, respect and joy of modify stack and their relatives is pictured. This chapter overly focused some patients case study, which is iii elpful to chthonicstand the events as well as the patients background. My f orth chapter is the description of deferent points, where the holistic scenario of disability in half way hostel has been forced. Apart of the patients, the other actors of half way hostel are much focused in this chapter. These other actors are the relatives of the patients, the discussants of the half way hostel, the healers, the care giver of half way hostel and the other facilitator of the half way hostel. The concluding chapter of this study is based on the discussion of the study.The main findings of the study is the conflicts of CRPs advocacy and patients own agency, the fun and frustration of the patients, the daily answer of the relatives of the patients and also patients everyday language. By the whole study, I have shown a culture of half way hostel, where disability p resides a very powerful role. iv Chapter One Introduction 1. 0 Introduction The Disability and Rehabilitation WHO Action Plan 2006-2011 notes that 10% of the total world population is physically disa bled (WHO 2005 1). Most of the literatures published by development organizations who work with the disabled quote similar values. in that location has recently been established an international convention feigning the human rights of people with disabilities. These deuce topics the generalization of disability judgment and the common nursing home rights of disabled people, despite the differences in socio-stinting terms motivated me to study the different cultural shape of disability and associated replenishment. My argument is that every disability has its own cultural shape. Moreover in a culture the disability may secure different shape with the influences of age, gender, economic situation, and so on.To come up my argument in my research, I concentrated on, how disability gets its own shape in a low-pitched scale situation like half way hostel1 of CRP2. From this perspective, my research question is What is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP? A nd how the different actors act to construct this cultural shape? The subjects of my research, whom I refer to as actors, are comprised of CRP patients, the relatives of patients, the doctors, nurses, and other staff who work at the CRP, and others who are either in direct or indirect contact with the CRP. . 1 Research Objectives The cultural shape of disability at the CRP is the central focus of my research. In this context, I want to know how disability is encountered by different actors at the half way hostel of CRP. This research is focused on the understanding of how patients, therapists, workers, and relatives of patients at the CRP interact with the subsequentlywards getting treatment patients used to perplex in half way hostel for two weeks. Here patients limit to take therapy independently they l suck in how to cope with their community in a new physical condition. CRP is a national NGO of Bangladesh founded in 1979. This NGO is focused on spinal cord wound patients. CRP treats the patients as well as works for their rehabilitation in the community. 1 1 Chapter One Introduction greater parliamentary procedure and among themselves, as well as the role that disability and rehabilitation plays in their daily die hards. In order to address my central research question, I investigated several sub questions What is the daily mo of a disable person and his care giver at the half way hostel of CRP? How do the patients relate their physical condition by their verbal language as well as their body languages both in formal discussion and in informal discussion or chatting. How do the relatives of the patients refer the patients situation? What are the differences among those disabled based on their gender, age and economic condition? 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic My first university3 is most 3 kilometers absent from CRP. I personally first sought assistance from the CRP for back imposition in 2003.As an outpatient, I had to go thith er several sentences. There were many an(prenominal) things that contourle me astir(predicate) the organization. First of all, they have many workers on that point who are physically disabled themselves, especially the people who work at the cash counter. Later, I found a let out in the CRP compound where they sell many crafts made by the disabled in-patients. The goods of the let on really impressed me, and I valued to know most their makers I came to know that most of them live in the compound. As an out-patient, I knew besides a small area of the much larger ground.I returned to CRP in 2006 for a severe problem with my point (I fell down and suffered a torn ligament). I came regularly to the CRP for several eld and I came to know some of the patients more closely in this time. I became interested in their lives, their informations of their bodily constitutions, and so on. My first university is Jahangirnagar University, which is in Savar, Dhaka. I did my bachelor a nd masters degree in Geography and Environment in that university. That is why, I stayed there for 6 years from 2002 to 2008. 3 2Chapter One Introduction In 2008, I came to Heidelberg for my MA in Medical Anthropology. As a part of our study, we visited various UN organizations in Geneva, Switzerland in April, 2009. Autonomously, I sought out Handicap International and spoke with a few members of that organization. I also went to the CBR (Community Based Rehabilitation) Project of the WHO. This study excursion increased my interest in the lay perspective of disability be travail I found the agendas and work policies of these two organizations to be very grounded in universality.These organizations serve up holistically on a single concept of disability for all different cultures and apply the same policies for disabled people all over the world. There is not even a differentiation in overconfident rehabilitation process for different cultures. I am very interested in how a univers al idea push aside work in a local setting. To meet my interest, I sifted with different kinds of literature, to include books, articles and many reports of the organizations who work with disability issues. This literature review is a fundamental part of my explorative work for my field research. 1. Literature review and the rationalization of the study My research is focused on how the concepts of disability are encountered in different contexts, both of which need defining the terms. Defining disability is problem because of its expansion and multidimensionality. As a result, a global definition of disability that fits all contexts, though desirable, is nearly inconceivable in reality (Slater et al. 1974). Both scholars and different (national and international) organizations try to define disability with simple statements, theoretical enthrones, potpourri schemes, and even through different forms of measurements.Altman observed that there is no neutral language with wh ich to discuss disability, and until now the tainted language itself and the categories used influence the definition of the problem (Altman 200097). He also argues that defining disability has contri aloneed to the confusion and misuse of disability terms and definitions, particularly when operationalized measures of disabilities are interpreted and used as definitions (Altman 2000 96). However, the concept 3 Chapter One Introduction f disability covers its definitions, the role of the experts ( befools in different organizations who are working with disabled people), the place of experience, and the nature of local politics at that time. Altman argues that when trying to make sense of this descriptor of ideas and forms, it is necessary to take consideration the structure, orientation, and source of the definition (Altman 2000 96). Therefore, clarifying the variety of definitions, analyzing their sources and understanding their abstract strengths and weaknesses in different co ntexts are the three objectives of y literature review. There are four basic historical categories of attributes toward disability the soul nonplus of disability, the milieual model of disability, the genial model of disability, and the model of the fundamental interaction in the midst of the individual and amicable concepts of disability. In the individual model, disability was systematically identified as a property of the individual person (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). Due to the available difference of his body, it was the responsibility of that person to overcome any barricade that he encountered.Any person with signifi stubt impairment was labeled handicapped or disabled, resulting in complaisant excision and stigmatization. This conception of disability has progressively changed since the 1960s, when several people questioned this reductionist representation of disability these voices led to the issuance of the disability rights causal agency (Fougeyroll as and Beauregard 2000). Despite much advancement, there is no consensus as to the determining factors of disability, notably with regard to the surround (the second model), even today.In fact, it would be more accurate to say that there is consensus on the vastness of the environment but disagreement on the exact role that factor plays. On the one hand, there is a social model that attributes disability entirely to the environment, ignoring the factors link to the person. On the other hand, there is the biomedical model that mainly focuses on the person and resists consideration of environmental factors.This resistance is notably manifested within the sphere of the ICIDH-1 (International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities, and Handicaps) published by the WHO (World Health Organization) 4 Chapter One Introduction in 1980. The ICIDH-1 conceptual fashion model is based on the trilogy of body, person, and society (WHO, 1980). The ICIDH-1 model presents a cause-effect relat ionship among impairment, disability, and handicap. In this model, disease or disorder is shown as intrinsic and causing of impairment, which ultimately results in disability.Finally, both disability and impairment can be causes of handicaps. In the social model, impairment is considered to be an exteriorized situation, disability is an objectified situation, and handicap is a social situation. Thus, an tarnish that leads to the impairment of an organs functions and structures, which then leads to a disability in the persons manner and activities, ultimately generates one or many handicaps or disadvantages concerning social or survival roles.Since the dissemination of the ICIDH and its experiment action within diverse fields of study, the problems identified, the critiques, and the adaptation to the conceptual model and classification manual have stimulated for the search for knowledge the most passionate debate is related to the critique of the linearity of the ICIDH model and the work that attempt to explicitly introduce the systematic approach and environmental dimension into the conceptual model (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000 176).The modifications brought forth by these emergent conceptual models aim to illustrate the person-environment relationship in the construction or prevention of handicap. Thus in 1992, Minaire proposed his concept of the situational handicap, defined as the result of the face-off surrounded by the functional disability presented by an individual and the situation encountered in daily life (Minaire 1992). In that time, he published an improved version of the conceptual model, explicitly integrating diverse categories of environmental aspects examine in terms of situation.According to Minaire (1992), environmental aspects are both social and physical dimensions that determine a societys organizations and context. In physical factors, he mentioned nature and the development of a society. Here, nature is defined as the physic al geography, climate, time, sound, and so on , and development is manifested in the architecture, technology, and national and regional 5 Chapter One Introduction advancement. Minaire (1992) also broke social factors into in two parts one is the politico-economic factors and socio-cultural factors.Politico-economic factors are comprised of government systems, judicial systems, economic systems, health systems, etc. , and socio-cultural systems mean social rules, norms, and social networks. Minaire (1992) specified that one is handicapped not in the absolute but with the reference to something. In his opinion, the situational handicaps model completes the dimensions of the WHO model by integrating the person within his/her environment (Minaire 1992). Thus, a handicap is a characteristic not of the person but of the interaction amid the person and his environment. In this way, Minaire refutes the linearity of the WHO classification.Following Minaire, several authors notably Badley (1987), Chamie (1989), and Hamonet (1990) elaborated upon conceptual models that integrated the concept of environment as a determining factor in the disablement process. The ICIDH-1 was published during a period that also a witnessed the International Year of Disabled Persons, (proclaimed in 1981 by the United Nations) and the Decade of Disabled Persons, which terminate in 1992. This period was characterized be the preparation, adoption and application of policies and legislative measures aiming to promote and ensure the exercise of the rights of disabled people (UN 1983).Despite its innovative conception at the beginning of the 1970s, with the introduction of the social concepts of handicap to the biomedically oriented WHO, the ICIDH and its conceptual framework failed to become the international reference tool for persons with disabilities (Barry 1989). A worldwide disability movement, Disabled spates International (DPI), carry offed the ICIDH-1 definitions in 1981 and adopted definitions that are known as those of the Social simulate of Disability (Oliver 1996).According to this model, disability is exclusively caused by the presence of barriers within the environment and occurs because the environment does not adopt in adapting to the needs of people who have certain impairments. To improve the life situation of the people with disabilities, one must remove the environmental factors that give rise obstacles to their integration the model pays little interest to their organic and functional 6 Chapter One Introduction differences (Enns 1989 Hurst 1993). The DPI defines impairment and disability as follows Impairment is the functional limitation with the ndividual caused by physical, mental and sensory impairment. Disability is the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the habitual life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers (DPI 1982 3). Within a political paradigm, the social model has insist ed that there is no causal relationship between disability and impairment. The execution of the disability movement has been to break the link between bodies and social situations and to focus on the real cause of disability Discrimination and prejudice (Shakespeare and Watson 1997).The concept of equalization of opportunities, meaning the process by which society is modified to become accessible for people with disabilities, is putting the social model into action it was first used in a United Nations document, Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992 World Program of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (UN 1983). These radical changes in the early 1980s were largely the result of a partnership between the disability movement and various governments (e. g.Canada and Sweden), who adopted the new principle of participation. This new out waiting of disability has influenced the development of legislation like The enlist of Rights and Freedoms in Canada and The Americans with Disabiliti es Act (Enns 1998 xii). From this perspective, disability is a political issue. Disability right activists consider that the social environment structurally creates social disadvantages and discriminatory situations experienced by people with disabilities (Driedger 1989 Hahn 1985).Disability is socially constructed and manifested in situations experienced by environmental barriers and causality is no longer placed within the body and functional limitations but in the systemic inadequacy to adapt to their specific needs and oppression (Oliver 1990). It is important to note that the adoption and application of social policies and legislation ensuring the rights of the basic human rights and equal opportunities constitute modifications of the 7 Chapter One Introduction environment that have had an obvious allude on the disability and rehabilitation process. The impossibility of monitoring the evolution and mpact of these factors through biomedical and compensation models is centered o n an inwardly-theindividual model of disability. This fact has led numerous government planners and decision-makers to support the movement for the defense of human rights in the critique of the ICIDH and the inclusion of environmental variables for monitoring and measuring the impact of socio-economic policies in the field of rehabilitation, de-institutionalization, and social participation. This change is wellexemplified within the UN standards for the equalization of persons with disabilities (Barry 1995). some other major criticism of the ICIDH-1 was its lack of conceptual clarity and overlap between the concepts of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps (Nagi 1991). This oversight is mentioned by the Committee on a National order of business for the Prevention of Disabilities in its report, Disability in America, in order to ex redundant the rejection of the ICIDH as a conceptual framework. The committee preferred the concept used by Nagi (1991), wherein the disabling proce ss is made up of four elements Pathology, impairment, functional limitations, and disability (Pope an Tarlov 1991).After much criticism, WHO changed the ICIDH-1 model. The introduction of the ICIDH-2 states that, The overall aim to the ICIDH-2 classification is to provide a unified and standard language and framework for the description of human functioning and disability as an important component of health (WHO 1999 7). The classification covers any disturbance in terms of functional states associated with health conditions at body, individual and social levels (WHO 1999 7).The new draft of the ICIDH-2 proposes three dimensions of the concept of disability body functions and structure, activities in the individual level, and the participation of the individual in society it also includes a list of environmental factors. The title of the classification has been changed to ICIDH-2 International Classification of Functioning and Disability (functioning and disability are defined as c omprehensive terms). 8 Chapter One Introduction This final conceptual scheme shows that the individuals health condition disorder or disease) depends on the aforementioned three basic concepts, which are inter-related themselves. These inter-relations over again depend on the environmental factors and ones personal orientation. The body thus has a role in disability at any level of human life (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). The ICIDH-2 was the result of various influences. It indicates positive change because it recognizes disability within various contexts and cites socio-political and environmental models as essential for counterbalancing the biomedical and economic model based on solely the individual (Bickenbach 1993).Here, the importance of environmental factors are recognized, but there is resistance to making this a separate and full fourth conceptual dimension. The systematic nature of disability phenomenon is acknowledged, but the explanation is made even more confusin g by the proposal of a complex conceptual framework that fails to intelligibly identify the interaction between the individual and the environment as a central factor.The importance of the individual was recognized, but as an unclear contextual factor, creating some confusion with regard to environmental factors (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). In 2006, turkey cock Shakespeare published his book entitled Disability Right and Wrong, wherein he critiqued the ICIDH-2 social model. He thinks that, social model approaches reject an individualist understanding of disability, and to different extents locate the disabled person in a fuller context (Shakespeare 2006 9). This social model has also been counterposed to the medical model, a limitation of the former.Shakespeare (2006) stresses three points in order to understand disability and the rehabilitation processes of disability Social and environmental barriers, the individual concept and sufferings, and the medicalization of disab ility. To understand the perception of disability and rehabilitation of a particular area, it is important to know the local culture and social settings, the disabled persons concepts, the treatment procedure for disabled person, and the political systems regarding disabled. 9 Chapter One IntroductionIn this context of disability study, I want to focus on a particular institution, which is working with disability. I want to examine their understanding about disability and review this understanding with the aforementioned models. However, in my research, I do not take disability as a universally define phenomena, rather the local cultural understandings of disability is important. Therefore, this research is to analyze the different models to CRPs experiences of disability, arguing that culture plays a role to construct the idea of disability. 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study This chapter describes the overall idea of the study.The argument of the study is every disability has its own cultural shape. To prove this argument this research selected a small scale area name half way hostel the pre-discharged hostel of CRP, Bangladesh. After getting treatment patient come and stay in half way hostel for two weeks to learn therapy and other works, those are important and appropriate for their physical condition. They create a temporary territory there, which have a unique cultural shape. This study is an ethnographic description of that culture, where the disability plays a vital role to give a shape of that culture.Apart of this chapter, this study has four more chapters. The second chapter is focused on the description of field and methodology. I equanimous information by observe and participating in the daily life of half way hostel, which is my field. This chapter is a description of the experience of debut to the field, the advantage and limitation of my field. At the same time, this chapter conveys the gap within the planned methodology (what was in my beware before going to the field) and the methods, what I used in my field.Third chapter is based on the daily events at my field. The aim of this chapter is to get the picture of the culture of half way hostel through the daily life activities. The argument of this chapter is, with the influences of different kind of people like patients, relatives, doctors, and therapists, half way hostel got a unique 10 Chapter One Introduction culture. Moreover, this unique culture is always changing due to the age, gander, and socio-economic variation of these actors.The forth chapter is more focused on the particular issues in half way hostel for instance, discussion that take place there, type of care giver of the patients, outing and culture for the patients and so on. The aim of this chapter is to show the contradiction in terms between CRPs discipline and patients self agency. Finally the fifth chapter is the conclusion of the study. This chapter has drawn the conclusion by covering the contra diction between different models of disability and the scenario of disability at half way hostel. 11 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data order of battle MethodsChapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 0 Introduction In my methodology section, I will first describe my field, which will not only cover the geographical location of my field, but also my informant types, the events that take place in my field, and my experience to enter the field. Then, I will discuss which methods I used to collect the necessary data, the sample size &038 time frame. At last I will stress on my ethical position at the field. 2. 1 My field I knew CRP before as a patient1. CRP has its several centers for treating and rehabilitating of paralyzed patients in Bangladesh.CRPs headquarters are in Savar, approximately 25km far from Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. This headquarter was my field. There are several mental synthesiss and facilities in that compound (100-bed hospital, functio ning theatre, Physiotherapy Department for in-patients and out-patients, halfway hostel where patients prepare for returning to their home communities, vocational nurture centers, etc. ). I had a limited idea of CRP from my past visits at CRP and CRPs website. However, when I went to CRP for my field work, I was checked by the security. They asked me, where I wanted to go. I want to meet with Mizan Vai (Mizanur Rahman is the volunteer coordinator of CRP) I replied. credentials asked quickly, which Mizan? Wheelchair-Mizan? Or Crutch Mizan? It was clear to me that both of the Mizans are disabled. I replied that I was looking for the volunteer coordinator and I did not see him before. Two guards discussed together and suggested me to go to BHPI (Bangladesh Health Professionals Institute) building to find out I have been musical accompaniment in Jahangir Nagar University campus from 2002 to 2008 for my bachelor and masters. This university is about 3km far away from CRP.I first went CRP for my back inconvenience in 2003. I had to go several time there for that reason. 1 12 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods wheelchair-Mizan. I passed the gate and then the out-patients area. There were rough 25 out-patients in that big hall room. The two side of that hall room were open and other two sides were closed by the Doctors room. I saw one young girl was howling in pain. She fall down from the tree sound an hour ago and got hurt in the back. Her father was busy to fill up the appointment form and they are waiting for the doctor. I passed them to meet with Mizan Vai.I went to the Speech and Language Therapy Department in BHPI. Mizan Vai is the lecturer of that surgical incision and the volunteer coordinator of CRP. He told me that CRP offers nine courses in BHPI bachelor degree In Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech and Language Therapy, Nursing Diploma and also some other diploma and assistance courses. There is no slope in BHPI building however Mizan Vai has the ability to use the stairs with his hands and knees. He got another(prenominal) wheelchair in the ground floor. We went together to the main administrative building to fill up my volunteer form.The administrative building was situated directly opposite to the BHPI building. In the main administrative area, we got a ramp. I filled up the form and then we go around CRP the In-patients area, the clinical physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech &038 language therapy department, half way hostel, vocational training centre, staff quarter, inclusive school and the big hall room name Redda Way Hall. For my field work, I choose the half way hostel. I knew the concept of half way hostel before from the website of CRP. I showed my interest to work there. I got an ntroduction of half way hostel and started to work there. There were twenty beds for the patients, one office room, three toilets, one tube-well, one office room and one hall room in the half way hoste l. Three permanent staff work there a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and a caretaker. Most of the other works are founding fathere by the other staff of CRP for instance, in discussion period one councilor come and then goes back to his own work or in individual therapys time one or two physiotherapists come and later onward the session they go back to their previous work.Patients come in the half way hostel after(prenominal) getting treatment as in-patients. The concept of half way hostel is to make patients more independent. Patients learn here how to take therapy, how to cope off with their old environment, how to do daily work more independently. This hostel runs by its 13 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods daily routine. Every day from 8 am to 8. 50 am they have group therapy. The patients and the therapists select a group leader from the patients. The leader has to know the therapy. They have Physiotherapy for every parts of the body.After 10 minutes break, discussant from different departments like social welfare or vocational training institute, come and discuss with the patients on three days in a week. In every Saturday, the patients got the idea of half way hostel and the other three days (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday) they discuss on various topics, such as hygiene, pressure sore, the home environment, use of wheelchair, future profession, and social relationship. Monday and Wednesday are days for gardening. Patients do gardening under the supervision of the staff of half way hostel.Though in rainy season, they have to pass their time inside the hall room. After one hour of discussion or gardening patients start to do the individual therapy. If any patient requires special kind of therapy they can learn that in this period. The care givers of the patients also learn how to give therapy in this time. At 12 pm patients go to the vocational training centre. CRP offer six types of vocational training tailoring, compute r training, electronics servicing, fink keeping, and pictorial matter training. In the half way hostel the most training is the shop keeping.A person without one leg and one hand runs this training. I did find this training is too much effective. I saw the trainees were dissatisfied with the training. I asked one trainee, who is a member of half way hostel about the training. He told me look sister, I have to laugh with the customer and I will be well-mannered to them this is not a matter of learning rather this is a matter of common sense. I got only four patients out of twenty who were regular in the vocational training on that particular time. The patients, who dont bring up in the vocational training, have to go to the Redda way hall of CRP.Every day from 12pm to 1pm, patients work to produce the packet boat and the bandage for CRPs internal necessities. Then, they get the launch break for one and half hour. They come back at 2. 30 pm from their break. In different days of the week, patients get different work on that time. On every Saturday there is a cultural program, In-door games on Sunday and Tuesday, film show on every Wednesday and Monday is for discussion. CRP has three selected film for the half way hostels patients Radio Vai (Radio brother), Bihongo (The birds) and Wheel Chair.All the 14 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods films are produced by CRP. After this cultural program session, patients go to the wheel chair skill for half an hour. For this wheel chair skill training CRP made an confused ground. With Three trainer wheel chair users go through the ground. Before going back to the hostel, patients brotherhood in the out-of-door sports for an hour. As a volunteer, I maintained the office time of CRP. From Saturday to Wednesday, I had to stay in half way hostel from 8am to 5pm and on Thursday 8am to 1. 30 pm.Very often I stayed after 5pm to collect more data in their chatting time. 2. 2 Entering to the field I entered to my field as a volunteer. Many Anthropologists face the problem to enter to the field. Dr. Shahaduzzaman did his hospital ethnography in a East Pakistani hospital (Zaman, 2005). He got a huge problem to omit his identity as a doctor. At the same time, he was not like a patient. As a result, in the beginning it was a challenge for him to gain the faith from his informants (Zaman, 2005). I did not have this kind of problem to enter in the field.CRP always recruits a good number of volunteers. Like the other volunteers, I did not get tutelage from the staff and patients. However, as a volunteer, I had to do many things which are not directly related to my research topic for instance, maintaining the attendance of the patients daily activities, counseling the patients, helping them in the pleonastic curriculum activities and so on. In the beginning, I thought these duties are not relevant with my thesis. Later I discovered that irrelevant activities are very important to get a cle ar picture of my field.By doing these kind of works, I got a gamey status to the patients, in one hand which is good. I did not have any problem to collect the data patients and their relatives were eager to give me information. On the other hand, they always behaved formally with me, which was a disadvantage for my field work. It took duo of days to break this formal relationship. 15 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 3 Data collection technique Participant observation was the fundamental method of my research I was in the field as a volunteer for two months.I stayed in the CRP hostel, which is inside CRP premises. As a result I frequently visited half way hostel even after office time. I tried to participate in their daily life. However, the concept participant observation broad itself Singha (1993) mentioned four possible roles for a participant commentator 1) a complete participant, 2) participant as observer, 3) observer as participant 4) a complete obse rver. As a volunteer, I was not able to be a complete participant, as I could not completely involve myself in the daily lives of the patients.Thus, I will not be a complete observer either. My plan was to fall into the second and third categories I was a participant as an observer and at the same time an observer as a participant. However, many anthropologists even doubt the term participant observation. Geest and Sarkodie wrote that, participant observation is not an easy thing to do, or to be more precise, it is unimaginable. Participant observation is a dream, an ideal, and a contradiction in term (Geest and Sarkodie 1998 1373).Therefore, I observed daily life at CRP through my work and through building an informal relationship with my informants on the site. I have used many different methods to collect the soft and quantitative data to supplement my participant observation. For the convenience of data collection, I have divided the information into three categories place (the half way hostel), people (the patients, staff and the relatives of the patients) and events (the daily life of the hostel). For the place part, I have collected both quantitative and qualitative data.With regard to the people, my focus was on the qualitative data gathered from the patients, their relatives and the people who work there. Here, I have used different tools In-depth interviews, case studies, hear- map, observation, Semi- incorporate interviews, and conversation. For the third part of my data, I gathered primarily quantitative information on the daily schedules and events at CRP and then descriptive information on each and every event of half way hostel at CRP. The interest tables and the explanation, shows detail of the 16Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods information or the data what I need for my research and which method I will use for collecting this information. Table 1 the Place Half Way Hostel Place Types of information Data collection metho ds Potential informants/ sources of information CRP Location and history of CRP, existing facilities, staff strength, number of patients, physical environment, building arrangement. Half-way hostel Number of room, room arrangement, existence facilities inside the hostel Observation, conversations, secondary source.Members and workers of halfway hostel, relatives of the member Patients access area Vocational Training, outdoor sports, nursing service, social welfare units service Observation, semi-structured and in-depth in interviews. In-patients, relatives of inpatients, workers and therapist of CRP Staff rooms Facilities inside the room, the activities that take place in the rooms. Observation, interviews. Therapists, Workers, administrative officers Observation, secondary source and semistructured interview. CRP library, staff of CRP, website of CRP, Local people 7 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods To get the information on my study place, I mainly used seconda ry sources. CRPs publications, website, documentaries on CRP were some of my secondary sources. Apart of these secondary sources, I took interview, observed the facilities and talked informally with all type of people at CRP. Table-2 The people People Patients Types of information Data collection tools interviews, studies/ life Social background, daily activities and In-depth accessed area in CRP, communication case ith the staff, perception about their life, histories, mind- map, views about the center and the observation treatment, Doctors Therapists / Activities of different doctors/ therapist, Observation, interaction with other staff members, structured interaction with the patients, perception in-depth of disability. Staff (excluding doctors therapists) Relatives the patients and conversation Semiinterviews, Semiinterviews, interviews, Activities of different staff interaction Observation, with the other with staff the member, structured communication patients, conversation, e rception about the patients of Relationships with the patients, Observation, case in-depth perceptions about the disease of patient, studies, experience that gathered for having interviews, disabled person in a family, interaction conversation with the CRPs staff 18 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods Three kinds of people were my target first- the patients. I wanted to know how they describe their physical and mental condition. I focused on their language. I tried to observe which words they use for their condition and which words for the opposite condition.I participated in their daily life I observed their work and their participation in different work at half way hostel. I took 15 interviews to know details about them. I also used mind mapping to understand disabled peoples daily accessed area. My plan was to provide them pen and papers and tell them to draw CRP. From their drawing, I thought I could find the accessed area of patients at CRP. The mind mapping id ea was not useful for my field because most of the patients could not use the pen and some of them got paralysis in hand so they could not even move their hand.However, all the other methods I used were useful enough. My second target people were the employees, who work for those patients. Each patient evaluates his life with a special concentration, but the employees have to deal with many patients in a day. My interest was to know their feeling on disability how they describe the condition of a disabled person. I observed them we discussed together on different issues of the patients and we worked together for the patients. As a result, it was easy for me to get the data from the employees of half way hostel.My final target group was the relatives of the patients. The patients, who cannot move their hands and legs, have to bring their relatives. At the same time other patients relatives very often come and rent a home outside CRP. They were also my informants. I talked to them, ob served their reaction in the discussion, therapy and the other time. Very often, I participated on their evening gathering time. They discussed on different events of the following day, which was a very important source of my information. 19 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsTable 3 The Events Events Types of information Data collection tools Doctors/ therapists daily round in the half way hostel Admission and discharge of patients Discussion Dressing, distribution of medicine, washing and meals Sports, vocational training, gardening and the other extracurricular activities Interactions and the participations of the patients Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Observation Observation Observation and conversation Observation and conversation Procedures, interaction ObservationThe information of different events was the most important part of my research. I attended in the regular events of the half way hostel. I saw the patient s participations in the event, their interaction with the event and their reaction on different matter of that event. In the leisure period, I often asked to the patients and their relatives on a particular event and observed their reaction. Observation and conversation were the main methods to collect the information on the events of half way hostel. 2. 4 The limitation and the advantage of my field There is a metal and wood workshop behind the half way hostel.CRP makes its wheel chairs, special seats for the patients, and the other metal things in their own metal workshop. The noise of weld machine of that metal workshop made the workshop area and the half way hostel polluted. It was impossible for me to tape the voice inside 20 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods the half way hostel due to this noise pollution. Often I took my interview outside the half way hostel. Another limitation of my field is that CRP works for the spinal cord injured patients. As a result, I got a particular type of disabled people there. It is indeed a limitation of my work.On the other hand, I could only focus on a specific type of informants. However these patients come at CRP just after their accident. That is why they could not imagine the loneliness of a disabled person in their local community. This is another limitation of my work. I got the informants, who are used to see too many disabled people around them at CRP. Language played a vital role in my thesis. First of all, to understand my informants daily speech, I indispensable to know the local dialect. Though my native language is Bengali, but some of the patients speak in hard dialect which is inflexible to understand.Moreover, to understand their jokes and silent language, I needed to understand the cultural context of those people. Then the problem rises with the data representation. Many things are easy to understand in Bengali and tough to translate and represent in English. Furthermore, there are many jokes, fun and frustration, which could be translated, but hard to realize the meaning because of the cultural gap. I got many advantages in my field as well. First of all I got many disabled person at a time in one area, which is a big advantage for my fieldwork. Second thing was my residence at CRPs volunteer guest house.I could stay at half way hostel as long as I wanted as I did not have to worry about the distance between my workplace and residence. At the same time, I stayed there with twenty more volunteers. Many of them came for their study (like research, placement, and internship). I shared many things with them, and we discussed different issues, that discussions were very helpful for getting a clear understanding on the particular issue. 21 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 5 Sample size and time frame Before going to the field, I did not have any sample size as I wanted to do a participant observation.However after my field work I got a number of informants including their different quantitative information, which will be helpful to get an overall idea of those patients (Annex-1). I was in Half Way Hostel for two months (from 1st of August to 1st of October, 2009). During my field work period, I got 62 patients and 35 care giver in the half way hostel. Out of these 62 patients, only 10 were women. I have taken 15 in-depth interviews of the patients and had conversation with all of them. I had also 5 semi-structured interviews with the staff of CRP.Out of 5, three of them were therapists, 2 were assistant of the therapists. 2. 6 Ethical considerations I worked with the paralyzed patients at CRP. Naturally, they are more sophisticated than normal people (according to biomedicine), as the greater part of the society discriminates them, even with regard to standard daily movement (lack of wheelchair accessibility to facilities, or in busses, trains, or cars), education (special schools for disabled people are only for second ary level), and jobs (lower education levels mean fewer job opportunities).In my research, ethical consideration is very important because I was working with their daily experience, daily feelings, and daily reaction with the existing facilities. I also worked with the rehabilitation process and its limitations or usefulness from the point of view of the patient. Here, I will be very careful to maintain confidentiality of their information, knowing that if the CRP authorities knew that the patient was dissatisfied and complaining, that result in consequences for the patient himself. I asked all of my informants about their preference for interview methods.I used my tape recorder with their explicit. Finally, I wanted to provide a written and signed statement of confidentiality that I would honor until they personally ratify its content. However, they all gave me the permission to write on their life and to mention their name. 22 Chapter Two Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2 . 7 Conclusion The focus of this chapter was to show the field and the data collection technique from the field. My field was half way hostel of CRP (Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed), Bangladesh. Half way ostel is one of the rehabilitation areas of CRP. Patients come to the half way hostel after completing their treatment from CRP. They stay usually two weeks there. I was in the half way hostel for two months. I participated in their daily life and observed their life. I collected the information by participant observation. To supplement this participant observation I have used many different methods like interviews, mind maps, case studies, and life histories. 23 Chapter Three Daily life in CRP Living with Disability Chapter Three Daily Life in CRP Living with Disability 3. Introduction In my research question, I have noted that I want to know the cultural shape of disability. This cultural shape of disability can be understood from everyday life of disable person. D isable people express their situation to the care givers care givers at the same time express their reactions. These reactions and responses are there in the everyday life of half way hostel, which are important to understand cultural shape of disability. In this chapter I will focus on this issue. 3. 1 Expression of Pain Oh divinity take me, take me (Allah, tui amare nia ja) Ershad was shouting with this sentence.He was the only one patient in that hall room. Most of the patients went to the sports. His wife and me were seance behind him. His wife is not too old but her face seems older and rude. There were two more patients few minutes ago Khokon and Mofizur. I was playing chess with them suddenly Ershad started to cry and his wife was a bit careless. Khokon vai told me look madam, how rude the wife is. I asked, what happened? Ershad Ershad is a 24years young married man. His home town is in Tangail, which is about 100 km far from Dhaka. He was a farmer. One day he was caryin g a load of paddy tree.Suddenly he fell down in a rat hole. He got hurt in his hump. His bone in neck broke. Ershad was taken directly to the district hospital and that hospital referred him to CRP. According to the assessment of the therapists, he has to use wheel chair for ever. However, the topography of his area is not plain the area is full of up and low land. He has a house in a high land and paddy field in a low land. The low land goes under weewee during the rainy season at least for four months. As a wheel chair person, movement is so difficult for him. Moreover, in the rainy season, it is impossible.On the other hand he took shop keeping training from CRP and wanted to give a shop in the market. When I asked whether it is possible to maintain a shop with this circumstance, he did not give any answer. peed in his lungi (lungi is like a skirt, but by and large the male of south Asia wear it), so his wife behaved rudely with him. Mofizur vai was leaving the room and saying himself, how naughty women she is, no respect for husband. Khokon Vai react as 24 Chapter Three Daily life in CRP Living with Disability well my wife is 100 clock better than this woman, I shout a lot, but she never reacts or behave rudely.However, the wife of Khokon Sharder (32) He is a very tattling(a) man at half way hostel. Before accident, he was a line man of Polly Bitdut (A caller-up for electricality supply). He had to climb electric poles for maintenance purpose. One day he falls from the electric pole and got hurt in back. He took the shop keeping training and wants to build a shop of electronic products back in home. Ershad was careless like before. She was starting to do her task in a rude and quiet way she changed Ershads lungi, cleaned the body, and rubbed the lower part of the body.Aminul vai, the care taker of half way hostel came and tried to make her understand look dont misbehave with your Mofizur Rahman (22) he was laying under his truck, checking its wheel, all of a sudden the truck started to move. A child had climbed up onto the truck, turned the key and got it moving towards his chest. Thus the truck driver Mozifur Rahman got his chest crushed. After having spent several months at the medical care division of CRP-Savar, Mozifur went back to his home in Khulna division to try to live the life in his wheelchair with his parents, sisters and brothers, wife and his four years old son.He would also try to find out ways to earn living for himself and his family. He would decide whether he would work as a shop keeper or earn money from renting out his parents property. He supposed to go back to his home after couple of weeks at CRP for his vocational training, but he did not leave even after three months. husband, if God wants you might become disabled in a second, who knows what is going to happen with us The woman replied that they dont have fan in their room. Her husband could not sleep last night at all and make her awake and after a long sleepless night how could she control her temper.Aminul vai left-hand(a) the room and the women took a seat next to the patient. Then Ershad, the patient, started to cry again. He was splitting repeatedly. Feeling pain in the chest and could not take breath. Some patients relatives came by this time they were suggesting the women to go to the nursing station. The woman was trying to pick him up to the wheel chair, but failed. I hesitated to help her not only because he was dirty but also as a Bangladeshi female it is tough for me to take a man on my arm. There were no male around. At last with the help 25 Chapter Three Daily life in CRP Living with Disability f some other women, his wife picked up him on the wheel chair. Ershad was crying and shouting I am dying, I am dying, call my parents, my sister, I am dying. They came back after 20 munities and then the wife was shouting look sister, all blamed me. Now see, he trough out the pill by vomit and again make dirty everythin g. I will die by cleaning and cleaning. By shouting she was helping her husband to transfer him wheelchair to bed. The patient was shouting at the same time as well, take me to my home, I will die. Call my sister over phone. Tell them to take me home.Slowly the patients and the therapists came back from the field. One therapist name Lockman asked Ershad, what happened to you? He replied, Sir, please save my life. I am dying. My two legs are burning. entertain give me some ice. Lokman vai heard all the events and said to Ershad, if I give you ice you will get a cold then, do you want this? This is very normal to have some pain in this time. The other patients also voted in this regard. Heamayet Fakir, another patient, said you dont know how much pain I have tolerated every day. You have to adjust with it. Dont behave like a woman. Ershads wife came to me and whispered sister, he got a bad wind. When you get this type of bad wind, you have to suffer three times. Previously, he got injured two times and this is his last time. But this time his neck broke. I came here to treat this broken neck, but now we need to go back to kaviraj (traditional healer in Bangladesh, they mainly use the herbal medicine and very often they recite mantra for the patients well being). The kaviraj will give him back the strength of his hands and legs. I asked why three times of suffering? Why not more or less sufferings? She replied this is the rule.Her husband kept crying. The therapist came back to him and said is the pain still there? Ershad cried out sir someone is cutting my legs from me. The therapist moved around to the patients and replied, do you hear the sound of metal workshop, the welding sound? I ordered a pair of leg for you, dont worry. 3. 2 Everyday Recreation in CRP Entertainment and fun There is a one hour cultural program in every Saturday at half way hostel. Normally patients get admission on Saturday in every week. Thi