Plath’s Daddy Essay: Clusters of Images -- Plath Daddy Essays

Clusters of Images in Daddy Imagery in literature provides the writer with an instrument for establishing a viewpoint or perspective. The author can use an unlimited amount of symbols, similes, and metaphors that produce an atmosphere for the reader to visualize the story effectively. In the poem "Daddy," written by Sylvia Plath, the author utilizes numerous clusters of images to represent the fury and wrath of a crazed woman haunted by her father's frightening and domineering disposition. Plath uses this imagery to depict the emotional chaos controlling fathers inflict on their offspring. One of the most prominent groups of images Plath uses to show the turmoil and fear the narrator feels for her father is comparing him with Nazi Germany, the devil's hoofs, and a vampire. Evil, mean-spirited images flourish within "Daddy." The speaker characterizes her father as a Nazi. Phrases like, "With your Luftwaffe" (l. 42), "your neat moustache and your Aryan eye" (l. 43), and "Panzer-man, panzer-man" (l. 45) fill the poem with images of Deuts...

The Birthday Boys by Beryl Bainbridge

Through the ‘Birthday Boys' Beryl Bainbridge has written the accounts of five very different men and their heroic fight to achieve indissoluble greatness. Fascinatingly this straightforward expedition reveals some of the most complex revelations about Edwardian society and its misplaced British class system. Even more interesting is the morals and opinions of the five men and how their desire, whatever it was, drove them to their deaths. We see how Captain Scott, possibly one of the most well-known British heroes, miscalculated time and time again, and learn through the other narrations how he begins to lose the initial trust of his men. Heroism and the values surrounding it were somewhat different then to what they are now. Heroism was far more special and idiosyncratic as the final narrative of captain Oates reveals to us. When reading the book it never feels like a team effort. It is one where the reader follows each individual and their plight for what they wish to achieve. I think the heroism present in the ‘Birthday Boys' is so idiosyncratic because there does not appear to be a common goal. With the exception of Dr. Wilson, these men were not going to the South Pole for Scientific Research, they were there for the glory, and they were there for the chance to be a hero. This drove them on. Temperatures in the Antarctic reached below -60iC, which was more than most of them had ever dreamt of suffering. It took more than just physical strength to survive those conditions; it was their mental strength, courage and belief. Each man had different ideas of what this heroic status would mean. Taff Evans explains how when he returns from the pole he will be in a position to quit being a sailor and ‘buy a little pub in Cardigan bay'. He saw this simple, honest ambition as being an ample reward for becoming a hero. Scott of the Antarctic', perhaps one of the most controversial of British Heroes, is very carefully examined by Beryl Bainbridge. Those readers who thought he was an unlucky explorer, caught out by nature but a great leader, are refuted. Those who thought that he was an inhumane, terrible leader are shown his good points. Bainbridge manages to bring a certain realism to the portrayal of a hero whom many have formed strong opinions with very little foundation. He is a very determined and positive leader yet when setting out to an unexplored continent he needs a lot more than determination and a will to succeed. It is easy to feel that Scott has overlooked this. He lacks carefully planned routes and he never has a backup plan when the least he should have is a backup plan for the backup plan! His optimism, in my opinion, is his greatest downfall. He opens his narrative: Having to sail on past Cape Crozier came as a frightful blow. I'd banked on establishing our winter quarters there, but it proved impossible to land owing to the swell. These two sentences sum up Scott's inadequacies. Firstly, we see there's no direct self-blame. He affirms this constantly through his narrative – when it is obviously his fault no-one holds responsibility, and when it is not clear who is to blame he would use names: I blamed Gran, Oates, Meares – especially Meares. Secondly, he doesn't particularly worry about the fact that they will have to locate a new Winter Camp. It was merely a frightful blow, that's all. He does not dwell on it, in fact by the next paragraph he is already talking about their new location. Finally, perhaps the most unforgivable examples of Scots' lack of preparation was that they were unable to moor at Cape Crozier was because the sea had waves on it! Scots idiocy was one of the main reasons for the fate of the Polar Party. For two years he had been setting up supply camps for their return journey to cater for four people, and then decided that five could go along. One would hope a child would not make that sort of mistake let alone an experienced explorer. Despite this no one made any objections. There was a clear hierarchy amongst these men. This hierarchy meant that few decisions were questioned and inevitably when people disagree with a decision, like dropping the skis due to a change of terrain, they lose confidence in their leader and morale drops. The Birthday Boys' by Beryl Bainbridge is a carefully written analysis of the Edwardian society, picking up on their naivety, their disjointed class system and their wish to gain respect through becoming a hero. The book is called the birthday boys because the author has captured the child-like qualities of the 1910 expedition so perfectly. It is clear that the death of these men was not needed – yet, by dying, they did achieve the indissoluble greatness they desired and one can only feel that this temptation may itself have contributed to their fate.

The Role of Loyalty in The Odyssey Essay - 1030 Words

Intro: There are a wide variety of themes present throughout the Odyssey, written by Homer. Be it hospitality, perseverance, vengeance or power of the Gods, loyalty is truly the theme that brings the whole book together. Being 10 years after the Trojan War, many have forgotten about Odysseus and his men as they constantly brave what the gods throw their way. This essay will be talking about Odysseus and Penelope’s mutual loyalty to one another, the loyal relationships between Gods and men and finally, the loyalty Odysseus’ men show for him until death. This essay with prove to us that without loyalty, Odysseus’ legendary journey would have been put to an end near where they started. The general theme of loyalty is what kept Odysseus†¦show more content†¦She tries to do the same to him, but he previously took an antidote that was handed to him by Hermes. Circe black mails Odysseus into not turning his men back unless he makes love to her. He with the witc h for a ‘year’ on the island of Ogygia and finally decides that he needs to be with his true love so he leaves her. QUOTE!!(Book 11) On the return of the legendary Odysseus, Penelope really does not believe what she sees and claims the figure standing in front of her is actually not the man of her life. QUOTE!!(Book 23) Gods played a great role back in ancient civilizations and still do so to a certain extent, just not as intensely. Today, we have many different gods and religions, but for the most part, they are not nearly as serious as they were back in the days of Odysseus. Gods were believed by all to run the whole show and could end lives if they chose. Whatever humans did had to reflect on what the Gods would think of it since it was they who controlled the thin line between life and death of every living soul. The relationships between men and Gods are shown as a serious topic in the Odyssey for several reasons and are also shown through several examples. Athen a is shown to be the most kind and helpful Goddess for Odysseus and this is shown by her doing all in her power to help him get back home to his family asShow MoreRelatedThe Odyssey : The Role Of Women In Homers Odyssey966 Words   |  4 Pagesstory that showed different kinds of human interactions. The Odyssey portrays what is right or wrong in relationships between god and mortal, father and son, and man and woman. In the epic poem, the role of women is a vital demonstration of Ancient Greece. The women in the epic are unique in their personality, motives, and relationships towards men. In Homers, The Odyssey, all women are different, but all of them help to represent the role of the ideal woman. Homers epic describes the world of womenRead More Odysseus’ Search for Purpose in Homers Odyssey Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesOdysseus’ Search for Purpose in The Odyssey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a wayfarer in life, The Odyssey focuses on life’s greater purpose through the fulfillment of destiny, perseverance, and loyalty. These three themes recur continuously throughout Odysseus’ journey, molding life’s greater vision. Odysseus comes to understand his purpose in life by remaining true to these major themes as he faces and conquers each obstacle in his journey. The overarching theme of The Odyssey is the belief that man cannot escapeRead MoreAn Analysis of Loyalty in Homer’s Odyssey1555 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Loyalty in Homer’s Odyssey In short, The Odyssey is a story of the war hero Odysseus’ pain and suffering caused by the extensive separation from his family and home during the chronicle of events after the fall of Troy. In the unraveling of these adventures, the reader is immersed in a world of heroic feats, strange creatures and lustful gods. However, behind all the myths and legends, there are a wide variety of underlying themes and concepts, which not only develop the plot andRead MoreFemale Archetypes in Odyssey1289 Words   |  6 PagesA Plotting Princess: Female Roles in The Odyssey and Antigonà ª Karen Rustad The fairy tale Snow White is a story about two women. One, the evil stepmother, schemes against her stepdaughter in order to assuage her envy and increase her power. She, of course, is thwarted by the end of the story. The other, Snow White, is a pure, innocent damsel entirely devoid of will. Nevertheless, by the end her prince saves her and she lives happily ever after. While Snow White is a European fairy tale, itsRead MoreLiterary Criticism Of The Odyssey1604 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment Task 1: Essay on The Odyssey The Odyssey by Homer was written during around 700 B.C and it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature. The Odyssey is an epic poem and can be understood through the lens of archetypal criticism which explores themes that are based on heroism and the protagonist Odysseus is an epic hero who undergoes a ten-year journey to return to Ithaca. Northrop Frye explains the value of archetypal literary criticism in helping modern readers appreciate theRead More Penelope, Clytaemestra, Athena, and Helen of Homer’s Odyssey1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ideal Women of Homer’s Odyssey      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ancient Greek society treated women as secondary citizens. Restrictions were placed on the social and domestic actions of many aristocratic women in ancient Athens.   The women depicted in Homers Odyssey, on the other hand, are the ideal.   Penelope, Clytaemestra, Athena, and Helen are all women with exceptional liberty and power.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before comparing the women of the Odyssey to those of Athens, it is beneficial to take a look into the livesRead MoreFidelity Vs. The Odyssey Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pages How Fidelity Drives The Odyssey Fidelity is the crucial virtue in The Odyssey. Fidelity is what drives the story of Odysseus’s journey: it is both Odysseus s reason for returning home and the means for him to get home. In the course of the story, Homer dramatizes the nature of fidelity by contrasting different forms of fidelity and their opposites. This essay will examine three forms of fidelity and the roles they play in Odysseus s journey. The most noticeable formRead MoreThe Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D.683 Words   |  3 PagesThe Changing Roles of Women in Literature from Late 8th Century B.C. to 4th Century A.D. The changing role of women in literature from the late 8th century B. C. to the 4th century A. D. is evident in that women become even more subservient in later works. This is portrayed in the works The Odyssey by Homer and Sakuntala by Kalidasa. Women are treated more like slaves in Sakuntala, while they are seen more like equals in The Odyssey. However, in Sakuntala, women are given more responsibilitiesRead MorePenelope in The Odyssey Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe Odyssey Penelope is angry, frustrated, and helpless. She misses her husband, Odysseus. She worries about the safety of her son, Telemakhos. Her house is overrun with arrogant men who are making love to her servants and eating her out of house and home, all the while saying that they are courting her. She doesnt want to marry any of them, and their rude behavior can hardly be called proper courtship. She has wealth and position; she has beauty and intelligence; most of all she has loyalty to herRead MoreHelen Of Th e And The Odyssey1342 Words   |  6 Pagesnarrator is constantly trying to fit her into the box created the legacy of Helen of Tory/Odyssey. However, Helen of Omeros’ strong will and personality and overall uniqueness is still able to shine through, despite the narrator’s biases, and we are able to see the individual differences between the two women and their connection to the evolution of Helen throughout history. We only catch a glimpse of Helen in the Odyssey, but Helen in Walcott’s Omeros is portrayed much deeper. The word/name Helen, in general

How to Properly Adjust the Drivers Seat

Essay on The Killer Angels by Michael Sharra - 1446 Words

Based of Michael Sharra’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, Gettysburg is a literary adaptation that popularized the bloodiest battle fought between the North and the South during the Civil War. Initially intended as a TV mini series, Gettysburg was produced as a full-length feature film. The film glorifies Union and Confederate soldiers in the historic bloodbath of Gettysburg. The film enables viewers to experience a first hand account of the spirit and battleground of the four-day battle. This permits for a more personalized account of the war. As viewers, we must keep in mind that the film is based off a fictitious book. What that means, is that the film should not be considered a documentary nor an actual account of†¦show more content†¦He came to the United States to study at the American Film Institute (Fisher). He shot the Emmy ®-winning documentary The Last Chance, and earned additional Emmy nominations for the telefilms Miss Rose White and Return to Lonesome Dove. His peers chose the latter for the 1994 ASC Outstanding Achievement Award for cinematography in a television movie. (Sponsored Events) Oostrum’s shots of the film are a â€Å"masterpiece of originality or modern composition† (Berardinelli). Despite being a â€Å"masterpiece†, slipups were produced by Oostrum. Continuity and factual errors should be brought to the attention of the viewers. For starters, the scene where John Buford is looking for John Reynolds’ first corps, the film switches from a motion picture to a still photograph taken by Matthew Brady. At Little Round Top, a jet trail can be seen. The first plane was not flown until 1903. After that, you can see a man in a blue shirt with a camera pointed toward the soldiers. A statue of General Warren can also be seen near the round tops. Moving cars and tire marks can be found on the battleground. During Pickett’s charge, you can see lights from what appears to be a school field in the background. Even some footage in the film is used twice. Despite the number of errors Oostrum provides viewers, he is still able to capture t he beauty of the surrounding Pennsylvania countryside. Oostrums â€Å"work is loud,Show MoreRelatedMy Interpretation Of The Battle Of Gettysburg1572 Words   |  7 Pages1863. From reading Killer Angels and The Pickett’s Charge Nobody Knows, I have a much better perception and understanding of what actually happened during the war. Before my readings, I thought there were the good guys who won and the bad guys who lost. I now understand on a deeper level what those men on both sides of the battle field were going through, and that they were men of God that were not only fighting for what they believed in but also for each other. Killer Angels is a particularly movingRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara, the story is told from the perspective of the men that fought in the war of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania on July 1863. We are able to see both sides of the combatants, their struggles they faced, friendships acquired, losses, personal stories and their views. In history we only learn the superficial information of how it occurred in the battle and the outcome of it, but we do not know how it happened and how much effort it took to fight in that war. Sharra enables

Concept of CSR Practices Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Using an Organisation Illustrate CSR Practices. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility directs its attention on the ethical and moral issue of an organization. This focus involves practices that influence the organization decision making. The sustainability concept of CSR advocates for a responsible and continuous social contribution to the society. The concept aims to remind businesses that apart from profit making, they also have other stakeholders to take care of to ensure the long-term sustainability of the organization. Naturally, the aim of businesses is to maximize profit, and in the process, it must deal with stakeholders who include, trade unions, the community, employees, customers, and shareholders (Sun, Stewart, Pollard, 2012). Businesses operate under limited resources; due to this, firms tend to be self-interested and fail to consider the wide range of stakeholders who will be affected by its strategic decision. This paper will focus on the CSR practices in a mining company, which has incorporated the CSR concept and how t he theoretical concept has influenced sustainability on this organization. The following are the organization corporate social responsibilities in an organization Setting measurable goals This practice involves laying down the key performance indicators of the organization in a way that it considers all aspects of the organization and that the set standards are achievable and measurable. According to Baden, (2016), many organizations struggle to measure the return on investment and forget the other areas like the employees needs. Capaldi (2016) suggests that the management should start by making small changes at home like improving the policies meant for the employees to ensure that employee turnover is reduced, ensuring that the wastage of resources has been minimized. According to the goal setting theory, motivation comes about due to the willingness to work towards a goal. As such, greater output is realized once the goal is specific and clear. Also, the theory suggests that in setting the goal, employee participation is very crucial and makes the goal more acceptable and leads to more involvement. The goal setting theory states that the goals are set must be reali stic and challenging in a way that they ensure continuous employee growth, builds their confidence, and leads to greater job satisfaction for employees, ensuring workforce sustainability. However, this practice relies on feedback, good and appropriate feedback is what motivate the employees as well as shape their behavior. Stakeholders engagement Most often companies neglect their stakeholders while making efforts to hitch their wagon on the green/social responsibility. When to accompany is creating the corporate social responsibility plan, it should articulate it with the strategy, mission, and implementation so that everyone can be on the same page (Zu, 2012). When the stakeholders are involved in the corporate social responsibility plan, they can help in the regulatory approval process, improve the relation, and eliminate roadblocks and potential crisis. Therefore, CSR developments that fail to have the stakeholders influence should not be undertaken, as they will not be sustainable. The stakeholders theory, which is also known as the theory of management attempts to explain who or what matters while running the business. It argues that the stakeholders involved in a business include, trade unions and trade association, political groups, governmental bodies, communities, financiers, suppliers, customers, and employees. Acc ording to the theory in some cases, the competitors are regarded as stakeholders. This theory incorporates the resource-based view, the market-based view, and the socio-political level. Also, the theory tries to define the specific shareholders of a company and analyze the condition of which managers treat them as stakeholders. This theory advocates for fair treatment of these stakeholders so that the company can manage to thrive sustainably (Vavrek, 2017). Sustainability issues mapping This practice involves interactive maps that help to identify, prioritize and narrow down to the main issues. This saves the companies time and other resources such as money during the initial stages of research. According to Chamberlain, (2017) sustainability mapping helps to bring together those things that ought to go together but most often do not. This approach is the most refreshing approach. Sustainability management systems The practice of sustainable management systems (SMS) involves developing a framework to ensure that socio-economic issues are put into consideration all throughout the organization's decision-making process. The practice begins with identifying the sustainability aspect, prioritizing and assessing its impacts. The practice also highlights the legal requirements that relate to the sustainability impacts as well as identify the organization's current position in compliance. To exercise the practice successfully, it is crucial that the management engages the services of an environmental consultant to help in the process. From this point, the management sets the goals and objectives (Trong Tuan, 2012). Eventually, the company trains and educates employees on Sustainability Management System while occasionally performing evaluations to ensure that it takes place in the most appropriate manner. According to the triple bottom line, sustainability involves the three Ps, which stand for profi t, people, and the planet. The triple bottom theory enables the management to look beyond the traditional understanding of sustainability and look at the profits that the organization makes socially, economically and environmentally. This theory is the most appropriate in measuring the business sustainability. When an organization sets up a sustainability management system, it ensures that it can understand its position in the economy and that it can survive in the future (Gond, Moon, 2012). Lifecycle assessment This practice rubbishes the tradition view, which just focused on the immediate product without considering its afterlife. Therefore, the practice emphasizes on product design. The practice relies on the cradle-to-cradle approach, which exhibits the companys innovation, and creativity, which can tremendously improve the bottom line. Reusing the product or designing the product in a way that it will avoid landfill, will go a long way in building customer land brand loyalty by removing the pressure from the disposal routine of the product. According to the lifecycle assessment theory, the product assessment begins from material extraction, through materials processing, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair and maintenance and finally disposal or recycling (Sun, Stewart, Pollard, 2012). The theory helps to avoid a narrow view of the environmental concerns through identifying the required energy and material input and the environmental release. The approach also analyses the impacts caused by the identified input and releases. From there the results are interpreted to make decisions that are more informed. The aim of this theory is to the environmental effects related to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs of materials and evaluating how the material flows impact the environment. This ensures that the product that the company is offering has incorporated the sustainable measures to ensure customer rapport is improved and future sustainability is enhanced (Lu, 2017). Sustainability/CSR Reporting Corporate Social Responsibility has gradually become the center of sustainability due to the increased regulatory measures by the government. Forward thinking companies have also aided the popularity of CSR reporting through various improvements of stakeholders relation. The reporting practice ensures that the customer base gets access to the latest and greatest endeavors in a way that it will not seem to be minimizing what the organization is doing (Schreck, 2014). The appropriate way to ensure that this information reaches the customer in an environmentally friendly manner is to post the CSR report on the company's website and in an easy manner that can be downloaded without distortion. This gesture will enable one to obtain feedback from the various customers. The theory of corporate social responsibility disclosure is considered as an important component that complements financial reporting to reduce information asymmetry. However, according to the theory, CSR reporting, it seems suitable to multinational corporations working in developing countries (Mohamed, 2017). Sustainability branding Any company's brand relies heavily on transparency. What the customer perceives of the company is very crucial and goes a long way to ensuring sustainability. Transparency in branding also helps in creating more customer base and increase the market share of the company's products and services. According to the sustainable branding theory, a brand is a functional and emotional trait perceive by the customers as fulfilled promise, unique experience and addition of value. However, sustainability branding should not be misunderstood as changing the company logo, to a color that symbolizes going green, b also ensuring that all the channels and dealings are also observant to the sustainability standards. The act of changing the logo without observing the sustainability standards in other areas is regarded as green-washing. An example of greenwashing is the move by Mc Donald's to change the background of its logo from red to green so that the European countries are impressed, while on the other hand, the company relied on unsustainable practices and suppliers (Pedersen, 2015). Conclusion Corporate social responsibility practices have become significantly part of many organization tops most agendas since they are seen to contribute to profit making in a big way. The mining company has realized the value of these practices and incorporated them in their strategy formulation. Using the practices, the organization can meet the needs of all the stakeholders and help to shape the company goal. Therefore, these practices should be adopted by organizations, as they will help safeguard future resources for the organization as well as the future generation. References Baden, D. (2016). A reconstruction of Carrolls pyramid of corporate social responsibility for the 21st century.International Journal Of Corporate Social Responsibility,1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40991-016-0008-2 Capaldi, N. (2016). New (Other?) Directions in Corporate Social Responsibility.International Journal Of Corporate Social Responsibility,1(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40991-016-0005-5 Chamberlain, A. (2017).Sustainability management system: The Triple Bottom Line.Info.era-environmental.com. Retrieved 29 April 2017, from https://info.era-environmental.com/blog/bid/40788/sustainability-management-system-the-triple-bottom-line Gond, J., Moon, J. (2012).Corporate social responsibility(1st ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. Lu, C. (2017).Corporate Social Responsibilitys Seven Best Practices: Avoid Greenwashing Through Stakeholder Engagement.The Green Economy Post: Green Careers, Green Business, Sustainability. Retrieved 29 April 2017, from https://greeneconomypost.com/csr-best-practices-11001.htm Mohamed, O. (2017).Theoretical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure.Macrothink. Retrieved 29 April 2017, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1020.4715rep=rep1type=pdf Pedersen, E. (2015).Corporate social responsibility(1st ed.). Schreck, P. (2014).The business case for corporate social responsibility(1st ed.). Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Sun, W., Stewart, J., Pollard, D. (2012).Reframing corporate social responsibility(1st ed.). Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Trong Tuan, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, ethics, and corporate governance.Social Responsibility Journal,8(4), 547-560. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111211272110 Vavrek, K. (2017).Reporting CSR practices.Cim.org. Retrieved 29 April 2017, from https://www.cim.org/en/CIMSubSites/CentreForExcellence/Tools-and-resources/Reporting-CSR-practices.aspx Zu, L. (2012).Corporate social responsibility, corporate restructuring and firm's performance(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer.

Jazz free essay sample

Lamellar Jazz Is a genre of music that originated In African American countless during the late 19th and early 20th century. It emerged in many parts of the united States in the form of independent popular musical styles, and it is linked with African American and European American music. Jazz since its birth have changed and faced with improvisations starting from ragtime till the modern style of the Jazz. The birth of Jazz in the multicultural society of America has led intellectuals from around the world to treat Jazz as one of Americas original art forms . 4] Prominent jazz musician Louis Armstrong observed: At one time they were calling it levee camp music, then in my day it was ragtime. When I got up North I commenced to hear about jazz, Chicago style, Dixieland, swing. All refinements of what we played in New Orleans There anti nothing new. [5] Or as jazz musician J. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page J. Johnson put It In a 1988 Interview: Jazz Is restless. It wont stay put and It never Although jazz is considered difficult to define, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements.The centrality of improvisation in Jazz is attributed o influential earlier forms of music: Jazz is often characterized as the product of group creativity, interaction, and collaboration, which places varying degrees of value on the contributions of composer Of there Is one) and performers. [12] In jazz, the skilled performer will Interpret a tune In very Individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice: depending upon the performers mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will. 13] Ragtime (1890-1910) The abolition of slavery in 1865 led to new opportunities for the education of freed African Americans. Although strict segregati on limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in entertainment. Black musicians were able to provide entertainment in dances, minstrel shows, and in vaudeville, during which time many marching bands were formed. Black pianists played In bars, clubs and brothels, as ragtime Its cardinal trait Is Its syncopated, or ragged, rhythm. 2] It began as dance music In the red-light districts of African American communities Cakewalk a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1904. The music is intended to be representative of an African-American dance contest in which the prize Is a cake. Many early rags are cakewalks. Characteristic march a march the race of their subject, which is usually African-Americans. Many early rags are characteristic marches. Two-step a pre-ragtime dance form popular until about 1911. A large number of rags are two-steps. Slow drag another dance form associated with early ragtime. A modest number of rags are slow drags. Icon song a pre-ragtime vocal form popular until about 1901. A song with crude, racist lyrics often sung by white performers in blackjack. Gradually died out in favor of the ragtime song. Strongly associated with ragtime in its day, it is one of the things that gave ragtime a bad name. Ragtime song the vocal form of ragtime, more generic in theme than the icon song.Though this was the form of music most commonly considered ragtime in its day, many people today prefer to put it in the popular music category. Irving Berlin was the most commercially successful composer of ragtime songs, and his Alexander Ragtime Band (1911) was the single most widely reformed and recorded piece of this sort, even though it contains virtually no ragtime syncopation. Gene Greene was a famous singer in this style.Folk ragtime a name often used to describe ragtime that originated from small towns or assembled from folk strains, or at least sounded as if they did. Folk rags often have unusual chromatic features typical of composers with non-standard training. Was consisted of: African American folk music, Work song Guitar, Bass, Piano, Harmonica, Double bass, Drums, Saxophone, Vocals, Trumpet, Trombone Tone: Rhythmic, swaying, swinging, hyper Defining elements: Call-and-response format, cyclical, standard chord structures, focus on the guitarist/vocalist, simple chord progressions. Blues Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre,[60] which originated in African-American communities of primarily the Deep South of the United States at the end of the 19th century from their spirituals, work songs, field hollers,shouts and chants and rhymed simple narrative ballads. [61] The term may have come from the term blue devils, meaning melancholy songs, songster styles, church music, ragtime). Most musicians would say that Jazz is not Jazz without blues.Many of the rural blues of the Deep South are stylistically an extension and merger of basically two broad accompanied song-style traditions in the west central Satanic belt: A strongly Arabic/lactic song style, as found for example among the Hausa. It is characterized by Melissa, WA. Y intonation, pitch instabilities within a pentatonic framework, and a declamatory voice. More rhythmic style of blues W. C. Handy: early published blues[edit] WAC Handy age 19, 1892 W. C. Handy became intrigued with the folk blues of the Deep South while traveling elodea range was limited, sounding like a field holler.